A Look At Sumer in Ancient History

A Look At Sumer in Ancient History In about 7200 B.C., a settlement, Catal Hoyuk (Çatal Hà ¼yà ¼k), developed in Anatolia, south-central Turkey. About 6000 Neolithic people lived there, in fortifications of linked, rectangular, mud-brick buildings. The inhabitants mainly hunted or gathered their food, but they also raised animals and stored surplus grains. Until recently, however, it was thought the earliest civilizations began somewhat further south, in Sumer. Sumer was the site of what is sometimes called an urban revolution affecting the entire Near East, lasting about a millennium, and leading to changes in government, technology, the economy, and culture, as well as urbanization, according to Van de Mieroop A History of the Ancient Neareast. Sumers Natural Resources For civilization to develop, the land must be fertile enough to support an expanding population. Not only did early populations need a soil rich in nutrients, but also water. Egypt and Mesopotamia (literally, the land between rivers), blessed with just such life-sustaining rivers, are sometimes referred to together as the Fertile Crescent. The 2 rivers Mesopotamia lay between were the Tigris and the Euphrates. Sumer came to be the name of the southern area near where the Tigris and Euphrates emptied into the Persian Gulf. Population Growth in Sumer When the Sumerians arrived in the 4th millennium B.C. they found two groups of people, the one referred to by archaeologists as Ubaidians and the other, an unidentified Semitic people- possibly. This is a point of contention Samuel Noah Kramer discusses in New Light on the Early History of the Ancient Near East, American Journal of Archaeology, (1948), pp. 156-164. Van de Mieroop says the rapid growth of population in southern Mesopotamia may have been the result of semi-nomadic people in the area settling down. In the next couple of centuries, the Sumerians developed technology and trade, while they increased in population. By perhaps 3800 they were the dominant group in the area. At least a dozen city-states developed, including Ur (with a population of maybe 24,000- like most population figures from the ancient world, this is a guess), Uruk, Kish, and Lagash. Sumers Self-Sufficiency Gave Way to Specialization The expanding urban area was made up of a variety of ecological niches, out of which came fishermen, farmers, gardeners, hunters, and herdsmen [Van de Mieroop]. This put an end to self-sufficiency and instead prompted specialization and trade, which was facilitated by authorities within a city. The authority was based on shared religious beliefs and centered on the temple complexes. Sumers Trade Led to Writing With an increase in trade, the Sumerians needed to keep records. The Sumerians may have learned the rudiments of writing from their predecessors, but they enhanced it. Their counting marks, made on clay tablets, were wedge-shaped indentations known as cuneiform (from cuneus, meaning wedge). The Sumerians also developed monarchy, the wooden wheel to help draw their carts, the plow for agriculture, and the oar for their ships. In time, another Semitic group, the Akkadians, migrated from the Arabian Peninsula to the area of the Sumerian city-states. The Sumerians gradually came under the political control of the Akkadians, while simultaneously the Akkadians adopted elements of the Sumerian law, government, religion, literature, and writing. SourcesMost of this introductory article was written in 2000. It has been updated with material from Van de Mieroop, but still depends mainly on the old sources, some of which are no longer available online: (http://loki.stockton.edu/~gilmorew/consorti/1anear.htm) The Middle East Inner Asia: A World Wide Web Research Institute(art-arena.com/iran1.html) MapBlack and white map shows the Near East from 6000-4000 B.C.(wsu.edu:8080/~dee/MESO/SUMER.HTM) The SumeriansClear, well-written history of the Sumerians, from Richard Hookers World Cultures Site.(eurekanet.com/~fesmitha/h1/ch01.htm) Genesis in SumerFrank Smithas chapter on the Sumerians includes information on education, religion, slavery, the role of women, and more. [Now at Sumer]

Why We Sympathize with MacBeth

Why We Sympathize with MacBeth Free Online Research Papers Why We Sympathize with MacBeth MacBeth fits all of the characteristics of a tragic hero. He is an important character in the play, has a character flaw (his ambition), has one good quality (at the start of the play he was noble and respected), has someone to tempt or persuade him to commit a crime (Lady MacBeth and the witches), deserves his fate (MacBeth did not simply make a mistake, he committed a terrible crime – the murder of a king (and many others) is definitely frowned upon in Elizabethan times), and was punished for the crime (he was killed), which he has committed. MacBeth definitely is the tragic hero of MacBeth. By giving him a good quality, the author creates sympathy for MacBeth. Philosophers, such as Aristotle, believed that the audience must feel sympathy for the tragic hero; otherwise, it was not considered a good play because the audience could not empathize with the tragic hero. MacBeth has a very good quality: his courage. He says: â€Å"Ill fight till from my bones my flesh be hacked. Give me my armor.† 5, 3, 32-33 He says this even though he realizes he will die. The tragic hero and everyone associated with him must die. MacBeth should die because he has committed both treason and a religious crime – he is killed by MacDuff. Lady MacBeth commits suicide towards the end of the play, and MacBeths followers are killed in the last battle of the play. Furthermore, MacBeth causes pain and suffering to innocent parties, and, thus, fulfilling the very definition of a â€Å"tragic hero†. Readers feel sorry for MacBeth because of all the reasons that make a tragic hero. In the beginning of the play MacBeth was certainly a military hero who was worthy of the praises and rewards bestowed upon him. Shakespeare described him in terms such as these: â€Å"For brave MacBeth – well he deserves that name –† 1, 2,16 â€Å"O valiant cousin, worthy gentlemen.† 1, 2, 24 â€Å"What he hath lost, noble MacBeth hath won.† 1, 2, 67 MacBeth is portrayed as a brave and loyal soldier who fights for king and country. His only weakness is his ambition. When the witches prophesize that he is going to become Thane of Cawdor and afterwards king, MacBeth does not believe any of it. But when he later does become Thane of Cawdor he is hard put to ignore the prophecy as the first step in a seemingly unattainable goal has suddenly become within reach for him. Without the witches’ prophesy in his head it is very doubtful MacBeth would have acted the way that he did, the prophesy gives MacBeth the feeling that all the events are preordained and that even without any interference from him things would snowball to the end result anyway. Shakespeare makes you feel sorry for him in that MacBeth felt like he didn’t really have any choice in the matter; everything was out of his control. When MacBeth hears of the witches’ prophesy the thought of killing his king is abhorrent to him: â€Å"†¦Whose horrid image doth unfix my hair And make my seated heart knock at my ribs†¦Ã¢â‚¬  1, 3, 134-135 â€Å"†¦Present fears Are less than horrible imaginings.† 1, 3, 136-137 The play lets you see that MacBeth is very reluctant to take any action towards him becoming king but with the witches’ prophesy and Lady MacBeth’s urging, cajoling, insulting and threatening he is under a lot of pressure to act accordingly. Audiences feel sorry for MacBeth as he is tempted by the prospect of becoming king but at the price of murdering a man that had been very good and generous to him. MacBeth struggles with his morals and his conscience but in the end his ambition wins and he gives in to the evil urges. â€Å"First, as I am his kinsman and his subject, Strong both against the deed; then, as his host, Not bear the knife myself. Besides, this Duncan Hath borne his faculties so meek, hath been So clear in his great office, that his virtues Will plead like angels, trumpet-tongued against The deep damnation of his taking-off.† 1, 7, 13-20 â€Å"†¦ That tears shall drown the wind. I have no spur To prick the sides of my intent, but only Vaulting ambition which o’erleaps itself And falls on th’other – † 1, 7,25-28 MacBeth had even decided not to murder the king however his wife and the witches were too much for him to handle so finally he succumbed to their combined pressures. Even though MacBeth murdered four people Shakespeare paints MacBeth as a man deeply troubled and tormented by his bloody deeds. MacBeth sees Banquo’s ghost and is deeply shaken by the encounter: â€Å"Thou canst not say I did it; never shake Thy gory locks at me!† 3, 4, 50-51 His guilty conscience tortures him. When he became king, MacBeth does not even get to enjoy it, he was tormented by guilt and ghosts created by his mind and his becoming king only brought him pain and suffering – this is all shown in the play and that’s why readers feel such sorrow for MacBeth. He had done so much yet never had the chance to enjoy the fruits of his labor. In the end MacBeth loses everything; he loses what he coveted the most and did anything and everything to get: the kingship, but more tragically he also loses interest in life itself: â€Å"†¦ Better be with the dead Whom we, to gain our peace, have sent to peace, Than on the torture of the mind to lie In restless ecstasy. Duncan is in his grave. After life’s fitful fever, he sleeps well.† 3, 2, 19-23 He even envies the peace of death that Duncan enjoys. Lady MacBeth kills herself and it does not even matter anymore to MacBeth. The irony of it was that he had everything that he’d ever wanted yet his life had becoming meaningless. â€Å"Life’s but a walking shadow, a poor player †¦ It is a tale Told by an idiot, full of sound and fury Signifying nothing.† 5,5 23-26 The crux of the problem was the witches. Without the prophecies he would not have killed his king, he would not have ordered the murder of Banquo and MacDuff’s family and he would not have thought himself invincible and gone into battle only to get himself killed. It is not MacBeth’s actions that made him what he became but rather the actions of those around him i.e. Lady MacBeth. Throughout the whole play we are constantly reminded that MacBeth never made any decision by himself to do the things that he did. It is always the interference of someone else that had caused those things to happen. Readers feel the deepest sympathy for MacBeth who commits one horrific crime after another at the urgings of others when he would have been content to just being the Thane of Cawdor – and illustrious title in itself. â€Å"We will proceed no further in this business†¦Ã¢â‚¬  1, 1, 31 But most sad of all MacBeth is primarily the victim of his own ambition. Another reason Shakespeare gives for us to feel sympathy for MacBeth is the fact that they cannot have children. MacBeth says to Lady MacBeth: â€Å"Bring forth men-children only, †¦Nothing but males†¦Ã¢â‚¬  1, 7, 72-74 This shows how much MacBeth wants an heir. Yet Lady MacBeth is unable to give him any. This might be because of Lady MacBeth’s demand that the spirits â€Å"unsex† her so she is able to kill Duncan. Readers feel sorry for MacBeth about this because it is through no fault of his that he will not have any children. Although MacBeth is certainly a villainous, evil man based solely on his actions, a fuller examination of his characters portrayal leads to a more sympathetic view of him. The play does not portray MacBeth simply as a cold-blooded murderer, but rather as a tortured soul attempting to deal with the atrocities surrounding him. The main reason why readers would feel sorry for MacBeth would be that everything that had happened wasn’t really his fault. Lady MacBeth even kills herself because she couldn’t handle the guilt anymore – this is very sad for MacBeth, as they were very close in the play. Readers also feel sorry for him in that he lost the only person he trusted and was close to. At the conclusion of the play the cruelest blow yet is dealt to MacBeth. The witches had informed him that ‘no man born of woman’ could kill him. He was lulled into a false sense of security so feels confident in going out to battle. What he does not know and does not find out until right before his death is that Macduff was born by Cesarean section – in Elizabethan times this was not considered natural, therefore not ‘born to a woman’. Readers can pity this man who had once been a loyal and trusted soldier serving his liege but instead became a â€Å"tyrant† and â€Å"butcher† who with his â€Å"fiend-like queen† committed regicide and other horrific murders to become king but end up lose everything he had. Research Papers on Why We Sympathize with MacBethHonest Iagos Truth through DeceptionWhere Wild and West MeetCapital PunishmentHarry Potter and the Deathly Hallows EssayComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationThe Fifth HorsemanArguments for Physician-Assisted Suicide (PAS)Effects of Television Violence on ChildrenBringing Democracy to Africa

Music in Brazil Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Music in Brazil - Essay Example The French Revolution also had a significant impact on Brazilian music. Similarly, mines are another major influence in the evolution of Brazilian music. The music of Brazil appeared very limited as only very few compositions could be found in their original tradition. The authors were: Francisco Gomes da Rocha (1754-1808), Manuel Dias de Oliveira (1735-1813), Jose Joaquim Emerico Lobo de Mesquita (1746-1805) and Joao de Deus de Castro Lobo (1794-1830). The first reference to Brazilian music pertains to 1578 and is titled â€Å"Viagem a Terra do Brazil,† or the journey to the land of Brazil, composed by Jean De Lery. A major trend in the Brazilian music scenario was the prevalence of discrimination on the basis of religion, gender and socio-economic status. This trend also reflected on music education in the country and only a few children had studied music in Brazil. Thus, formal education in this fine art remained limited. Thus, most of the music derived from the informal le arning background and through traditions. The musical practices in Brazil developed into two distinct categories in the states of Para and Marahao. In the Brazilian tradition, children also enjoyed music as adult and they had songs on a wide variety of themes, during the Orphenonic movement in the 1940s. The songs, which were usually heard during many of the traditional celebrations, were sung by illiterate people from all the communities, thus adding up to the history of Brazilian music. The Principle Characteristics of Brazilian Music The history of music in Brazil began with the arrival of Portuguese and the Jesuits used choir groups in the church. As a result, music became more popular among common people. During those days, slavery was prevalent in the country and the children of slaves did not have the privilege of schooling. Hence, a wide gap came into existence between the musical practices of the rich and poor people in the earlier times. Music appeared to be a major discip line in Brazilian culture. Researchers from various places developed an interest in the musical practices by different communities, as well as the traditional institutions. Many educational institutions began publishing the material on music, which brought music practices by different communities in Brazil to the limelight. An irrefutable element in the Brazilian music is the strong influence of the Portuguese language. Besides, many African and native words also found their way into Brazilian music which contributed to the forging of an African rhythm, which rendered to the Brazilian music a more sensual and romantic style in its transformation. Brazilian music deploys a wide array of musical instruments in its composition. In the early days the composers mainly relied on drums and percussion, which was similar to the African Diaspora. Another significant influence was the Atabaques, which are narrowed drums of Africa, with their top covered by calf skin. These drums came in differ ent sizes, which were prominently used in the rituals in Brazil. Other instruments included bamboo, which is in the category of surdos, which meant deaf drums; Alfaias (rope-drums); Zabumbas which had a low sound with two heads; repiniques which were a high pitched drum; Pandeiros which were a single headed hand drums, and so many others. â€Å"In contrast to the economic inequality that historically pervaded Brazilian society,

American History Since 1865 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

American History Since 1865 - Essay Example One can safely conclude that the containment policy was somewhat of a success. The strategy acknowledged that the Soviets will continue to expand. From Kennan’s perspective, it was a dangerous policy as it flared tensions between two superpowers. It also initiated the ruthless intention of the USA to build up arms and support dictatorships to fight anti-communism. Kennan’s strategy was overblown as the government took this as a chance to launch a full-scale war against communism. The ultimate goal went from containment to overthrowing a regime. However, policy was a success as it did halt Soviet expansionism as democracy prevailed. The risks that were implemented with this policy were too high compared to the benefits. The three most important events that occurred in the civil rights movement were: the bus incident of the Rosa Parks, the Civil Rights act of the 1964, and the â€Å"dream speech† of Martin Luther king. These events were vital to the development and progression of the civil right movements for various reasons. The Rosa Parks incident was critical to the Civil Rights movement because it initiated the Montgomery bus boycott. The boycott was essential because it boycotted all the buses because it implemented social and political campaign that attempted to eliminate segregation.

Modern Cryptographc Protocol in Fixed and Mobile Communication Research Paper

Modern Cryptographc Protocol in Fixed and Mobile Communication - Research Paper Example Introduction Cryptography represents the practice as well as the study of effective procedures and techniques enduring secure communication amid various technological instruments. It reveals about constructing as well as analyzing the protocols that mainly overwhelms the effect of adversaries. It is to be stated that cryptography is the synonym of encryption which signifies translation of information that is readable to a particular state that cannot be decoded. With this concern, this particular study entails the application of modern cryptography over fixed as well as mobile communication. It can be apparently observed that network security incorporates wide application of cryptographic protocols as well as algorithms in order to ensure secured and safe communication within different technological aspect. It is worth mentioning in this similar concern that cryptography tends to secure communication with respect to several significant areas such as internet, e -commerce as well as m obile communication by a greater level (Lundh, & Cortier, 2002). ... With this growing nature, there remains an increased demand for information protection. Furthermore, it has been revealed that communication being involved within modern business scenario entail both fixed as well as mobile communication. Moreover, it has also been observed that in order to keep pace with the competitive market, volume of information is also being accelerated. As a matter of fact, it can be apparently observed that traditional cryptography has been mainly designed as well as verified by applying or implementing informal as well as intuitive techniques. Furthermore, it can be viewed that absence of proper verification mainly lead towards occurring flaws as well as security errors. These errors further remain undetected and creates problem with respect to communication. Formal verification views at providing a rigid as well as a thorough medium for evaluating the effectiveness of cryptographic protocols (Chaabouni, Lipmaa, & Shelat, 2009). In order to determine the imp act of cryptographic protocols especially in fixed communications, it can be affirmed that protocol authentication is usually accomplished by deductive reasoning on the basis of application. It has been revealed that protocol goals must be fixed accurately at the presence of flaws within protocol assumption. It can be viewed that if the protocol goals are not accurate, then validation concerning fixed communications cannot be succeeded. In this similar concern, certain advanced strategies need to be adopted as well as executed for improving as well as developing numerous equipments that simplifies the verification procedure by a considerable level. As a matter of fact, simplification of protocol procedure incorporates certain major

The Growing Problem Behind Sexual Deviance

The Growing Problem Behind Sexual Deviance Once a taboo entity, only found in seedy movie theaters and sold behind closed doors, pornography has now become increasingly more visible and accessible to the public. Today, the access of pornography is as simple as a few clicks of a computer mouse, and those clicks afford the viewer a vast collection of sites and images that would otherwise be unavailable without technology or the media. With this accessibility comes a new issue: is pornography at all to blame for sexually deviant behavior? It seems as though sexually deviant crime is taking place at unheard of rates, and the link to pornography has been cited before. However, the question of whether these crimes are on the rise or just hyped by the media remains to be seen. One factor that has played a part in the debate is the issue of pornography, and the link between the two seems to hold valid evidence to prove some sort of connection. How Does Pornography Affect Us? Pornography undeniable affects each person who views it in some way. Whether these individuals find the content stimulating, exciting, or disturbing is subjective, but research has shown that men, women and children have the tendency to act in a certain manner when studied in groups rather than on an individual level. Children may be the most affected group when it comes to viewing pornography, and have the tendency to shape their future actions on what they have seen. According to Dr. Catharina Welin (2006), because of the widespread availability of pornography in the media, youths are exposed to violent or bizarre sexual activities long before they have had any personal sexual experience (p. 293). In this case, children with little to no knowledge of sexual activity, having viewed such material, begin to associate sex in their own personal lives as relatable to sex in these videos or images. This can play a significant part in how this child will grow to view sex as an act, their own sexuality, and the stigmas they associate with different genders. A child who has viewed pornography, maturing into an adult who engages in his or her own sexual experience will no doubt have a different view of the act than an individual who did not view such material in childhood. Women who view pornography as adults tend to have a distaste for what they are seeing and for the porn industry in general. For most women, sexuality is considered a private matter, especially in terms of their own sexual encounters. Women prove to be more emotional about sex rather than men who are geared to view it in a more physical sense. Women tend to believe that pornography is degrading to themselves and to their gender as a whole, showing the objectification of women as mere objects for mens sexual gratification. Ann Gary (1978) notes that pornography leads to behavior and attitudes showing disrespect for women, and pornography itself shows disrespect for women (p. 232). Although some women may find pornography sexually stimulating in the bedroom, the overall stigma associated with pornography by the female gender seems to be vastly negative. Lastly, one must view how men tend to view pornography. As males tend to commit sexually deviant crimes in a far more frequent manner than women, it can be said that viewing pornography may be a factor in looking at this statistic. Men tend to see sex as an enjoyable physical release before viewing it as an emotional connection, which may attest for the way women are portrayed in most pornography as merely the attractive tool to be used in order for the man to achieve sexual gratification. Pornography and the Sexual Deviant Having looked at the ways that pornography tends to affect different groups on individuals, one can look further into the research that has been done to prove a link between pornography and the sexual deviant. Researched Michael Goldstein (1975) notes several cases of sexual deviant criminals citing the desire to commit such acts after viewing them in a pornographic film. He writes, Motorcycle films containing violence and gang bangs frequently nourished erotic dominant fantasy. As one rapist put it, Id think of some of the girls I had raped, and some of the girls that got raped in the movies during my sexual encounters. Id place myself in the villains place instead of the heros, so Id have a rough, hardened image (p. 102). The tendency of these types of men to engage in sexually deviant or criminal behavior after watching these types of films shows some relationship between the two, and the prominence of research on this correlation does much to back up the claim of relationship. Researchers Addison, Koss, and Malamuth (2000), found that exposure to nonviolent and violent pornography results in increases in both attitudes supporting sexual aggression and in actual sexual aggression (p. 44). Further, found that men who watch porn were more likely to view women as promiscuous and therefore available to them regardless of their own will. Dolf Zillman (1989) notes, Men behave as if they were entitles to sexual access with women who readily granted it to other men, and those who feel entitled can view their actions as a misdeed rather than a criminal offense against a woman (p. 100). Sociological Theories and Deviance Pornography and sexual deviance in a sociological context can be considered related as the actions and behaviors that may ensue after viewing pornography violate the culturally accepted norms of sexuality and can lead to going against formally enacted-rules of the government in terms of sexually deviant criminal activity. Of all the three major theoretical perspectives in sociology, that which seems to most closely relate to the issue of pornography as a factor in sexual deviance is that of symbolic interactionism. Symbolic interactionism places emphasis on smaller scale social interaction, which in this case can be compared to the porn industry and its customers and viewers. Herbert Blumer (1969), who coined the term symbolic interactionism noted that humans act toward things on the basis of the meanings they ascribe to those things (p. 45 ). In this case, this can be attributed to viewers of pornographic materials seeing the violent and deviant actions performed upon women in porn, taking these actions from the media they witness, and enacting this type of behavior in their own lives. Sociologist Darryl Hall (2009) notes that the symbolic interactionism view of sexual deviance (which can relate to the issue of porn and sexual deviance) is as follows: Symbolic interactionists suggest that the need of men to validate their sexual prowess or reaffirm their masculinity is an important factor in their seeking out pornography or prostitutes (p. 2). Such a notion can explain the rising level of sexually deviant crime in society, and can in turn associate this with the viewing of pornography as a mans need for sexual validation and masculinity. Conclusion As seen, the rise of pornography to a near norm in society has heightened the search to link the viewing of this material to sexual deviant behavior in society. Although a direct link is not conclusive, it is clear that the research in terms of this question is growing too slowly but surely supports some link between the two.

Teaching of Morals in Public Schools :: Free Essays Online

From the age of five until the time they graduate in their eighteenth year the children of America are compelled to attend school. Everyone agrees that we need compulsory education, but no one really agrees why our children need it. Some, like Jonathan Kozol, feel that the purpose of education is to turn a child into a good person through a series of moral and ethical lessons. The other school of thought is that school is a place for a general education of facts and figures and that morals have no business in the classroom. This is a question of vital importance because, with the vast majority of American youths in public school, it could truly change the face of America. The first twenty years of a human being's life have more to do with making up who they are than genetics and the other fifty-odd years of their life combined. Because of this there is a definite need for children and young adults to have a forum to learn about morals and ethics. In this respect Jonathan Kozol's ideas from The Night is Dark and I am Far from Home are true, but, is the right place for a child to learn ethics a public school of the United States? An individual's moral beliefs are one of the most personal and complex pieces of his/her psyche. One must deal with the question of whether or not they want this nation's youths to all be taught the same morals. If teachers were able to impose their own personal beliefs while teaching history and English, imagine what they could do to impressionable minds while teaching ethics. There is absolutely no way to teach morals objectively. If a teacher were a Christian fundamentalist, could she ( I, like Kozol, use "she" because a majority of elementary teachers are female) help a student make an informed, unbiased decision about abortion? If that teacher had to teach a child to make up his or her own mind, or if that teacher had to tell the student to be pro-choice (the law of the nation) she would be teaching something she didn't believe. The abortion example brings up the question, "Whose morals are we going to teach our youth?" If you allow a class in ethics, whose do you teach? The teacher's, the schoolboard's, or the nation's? Whose ever morals you do teach them would probably be drastically different from what they would come up themselves or what their parents would teach them. Teaching of Morals in Public Schools :: Free Essays Online From the age of five until the time they graduate in their eighteenth year the children of America are compelled to attend school. Everyone agrees that we need compulsory education, but no one really agrees why our children need it. Some, like Jonathan Kozol, feel that the purpose of education is to turn a child into a good person through a series of moral and ethical lessons. The other school of thought is that school is a place for a general education of facts and figures and that morals have no business in the classroom. This is a question of vital importance because, with the vast majority of American youths in public school, it could truly change the face of America. The first twenty years of a human being's life have more to do with making up who they are than genetics and the other fifty-odd years of their life combined. Because of this there is a definite need for children and young adults to have a forum to learn about morals and ethics. In this respect Jonathan Kozol's ideas from The Night is Dark and I am Far from Home are true, but, is the right place for a child to learn ethics a public school of the United States? An individual's moral beliefs are one of the most personal and complex pieces of his/her psyche. One must deal with the question of whether or not they want this nation's youths to all be taught the same morals. If teachers were able to impose their own personal beliefs while teaching history and English, imagine what they could do to impressionable minds while teaching ethics. There is absolutely no way to teach morals objectively. If a teacher were a Christian fundamentalist, could she ( I, like Kozol, use "she" because a majority of elementary teachers are female) help a student make an informed, unbiased decision about abortion? If that teacher had to teach a child to make up his or her own mind, or if that teacher had to tell the student to be pro-choice (the law of the nation) she would be teaching something she didn't believe. The abortion example brings up the question, "Whose morals are we going to teach our youth?" If you allow a class in ethics, whose do you teach? The teacher's, the schoolboard's, or the nation's? Whose ever morals you do teach them would probably be drastically different from what they would come up themselves or what their parents would teach them.

Relationships In A Time That This Novel Is Set Essay

How does Steinbeck present ideas of relationships in a time that this novel is set? Steinbeck portrays a world dominated by authoritative white males. It is the attitude of this social structure that permeate ranch society and those who come from outside these expectations are inferior. Of Mice and Men describes the plight of which women, disabled people, black people and people with mental difficulties endure and suffer simply because they do not fit into the ideal category which we see whilst they interact with each other. Lennie’s brief interaction with Crooks reveals the complexity of racial prejudice during the ranch life. Like many of the men on the characters in the story, Crooks admits to being very lonely. â€Å"This here’s my room. Nobody got any right in here but me.† When Lennie visits him in his room, Crooks turns him away, in hope that he will prove a point that if a black man cannot enter a white man’s room then it is unacceptable for the re verse to occur. However, his desire for company ultimately wins out and he invites Lennie to sit with him. In addition, he seems very suspicious of any kindness he receives. The fact that he doubts Lennie being kind to him refers to the strong racism on the ranch. Crooks is not sure how to react to Lennie and his instant reaction is for Lennie to leave. This outsider status causes him to lament his loneliness, but we can see the corrosive effects it has on him as he seems delighted in seeing loneliness in others. For example, he suggests that George is gone for good and it is not until Lennie threatens Crooks with physical violence does he relent. We cannot blame Crooks. On the other hand, this evokes sympathy as the origins of his cruel behaviour are made evident. We can infer that he is jealous and lonely that he wants to see someone else hurt just like he is. Curley and his wife have an unstable marriage, lacking in respect, compassion and communication. Curley believes that his wife is his posse ssion and shows her off to the other men. Throughout the novel we see Curley asking the other men where his wife is and likewise we see Curley’s wife looking for him. This could be a metaphor that although they are together they are still lonely. Their relationship is unhealthy as he manipulates and intimidates his wife. However, Curley seems very selfish and he did not seem to care for his wife. He used her for sex. Furthermore, the fact that she is referred to as â€Å"Curley’s wife† suggests that women did not have an identity. Curley is too protective over his wife as he knew she flirted with the other men and  Curley felt threatened, especially as she was the only woman on the ranch. There is not trust between them which is very unhealthy and not good. I think she enjoyed flirting because she felt isolated and lonely. Most of the ranch hands looked down upon her and thought she was a â€Å"slut.† This was the typical attitude towards women during this time period. They were seen as possessions of their husband. At the end of the novel, Steinbeck said that when she died, she was released and â€Å"discontent and the ache for attentions were all gone from her face. She was very pretty and simple, and her face was sweet.† When she was alive, she was wearing a mask and no one knew her true identify, as there was no one there to understand or get to know the real her but now she is dead, and the mask is off she looks better: â€Å"Her reddened lips made her seem alive.† Finally, in death, she could find the peace and calm that evaded her when she was alive in the harsh society. Ironically, her corpise is praised more in death than she was life. We begin to question Steinbeck’s intentions in giving us an unsympathetic view of this women and in women in general. Whenever she expresses her loneliness they are followed by acts of manipulation or violence. He seems to characterise women as trouble and they are â€Å"the downfall of man.† She is the catalyst of the drama which links to that point also. I don’t necessarily think that Steinbeck was sexist and is instead making a point about society’s sexism. She is the only character without a name, and even Crooks- who at that time was a member of a even more hated social group and if she talks to anyone â€Å"he gets mad.†

How to Build Muscle Mass Essay Example

How to Build Muscle Mass Essay Example How to Build Muscle Mass Essay How to Build Muscle Mass Essay How to Build Muscle Mass BY broe2208 It is understood that the term process involves more than one step to achieve an end result. The process of bodybuilding is exactly that, a long disciplined process. There is one main goal in the sport of bodybuilding and that is to gain lean muscle mass. To go about this, you need three aspects and goals to resound in harmony in order to successfully achieve your body composition goals. A proper diet to put on muscle and lose fat, a vigorous and consistent training regimen, proper rest, and most importantly a disciplined mindset towards pushing the limits of the body are ecessary for building lean muscle mass. First and foremost; the diet is absolutely essential to building lean muscle mass. Possibly the most important concept is having the correct macronutrient profile to build muscle, sustain energy in the muscles and to help the muscles recover. According to Del Monte, (2013), a basic diet should allow one to gain anywhere from a half to two pounds of muscle per week. One does this by a diet high in protein, properly timed quality carbohydrates, and also high in fats, thus increasing calories significantly and along with proper training, est and discipline as stated before, one can grow muscle more quickly. One should, Strive to consume at least 1 to 1. 5 grams of protein per pound of body weight and 1. 5 to 2 grams of carbs per pound of body weight, (as a baseline) (Del Monte, 2013). Del Monte, (2013), states that there are 4 calories in every gram of protein and carbs, and 9 calories in every gram of fat. This total with the calculations made before should give you the accurate caloric intake for the given day. Example: Man weighs 180 lbs. should consume 180gof protein, 720 calories. 260gof carbs, 1,040 alories. 90g of fat, x9= 810 calories. In total, one should shoot to gain muscle at around 3,000 calories per day, and at only 2,600 here, this would call for one cheat meal per day of around 400 calories to meet your goals. This same strategy can be applied to any body type and can be adjusted to fit each persons individual caloric and nutrient needs to achieve increases in lean muscle mass. As for the training aspect of building lean muscle mass, there are hundreds of ways to build a solid body and ones training should include many variations and exercises in the dvanced stages of this program to achieve and even greater physique. That being stated, an article by Charles Staley, (201 1), he provides 5 simple yet important steps to efficiently reaching maximum muscle hypertrophy. Step 1 is to put minimal emphasis on single Joint movements and maximal effort and focus on multi-Joint exercises, such as squats, deadlifts, chin/pull-ups, presses, and bent-over rows. This is due in part to the human nature to displace attention away from other things when focus is put too much on one single thing. Thus one working on single-joint ovements such as calves, arms, and shoulders diverts energy and resources away from multi-Joint exercises as mentioned before. Essentially, multi-Joint exercises warrant the brain recruiting more motor units and promotes greater workload, thus when more muscles are recruited to perform a heavy movement, the greater the muscle development (Staley, 2011). The second idea suggests that one must utilize one or both of the two most muscle activating and mass gaining exercises known in order to grow at all and that is the deadlift and the squat. Of all resistance-training quats (Staley, 2011). As stated before, more workload means greater and more intense muscle recruitment, which in turn means greater gains in the long run. Idea 3 states that you must not ignore strength development. That its not about the number of reps per set, which shouldnt really be more than 8-12 majority of the time, but the number of reps per session you complete in total. Example: 3 sets of 10 reps is idea, but 10 sets of 3 reps are equal in rep number, but rep workload is significantly larger and the number of reps remains the same. As stated before, reater workload= greater gains. Idea 4 suggests that one should not worry about seeing abs or being shredded when gaining muscle for muscle cannot be gained without gaining body fat in the process. What is the complex task is minimalizing fat gain while optimizing muscle gain. Abs are almost universally shown or not shown due to the diet and that is a variable that can be changed. Finally Staley, (201 1), shows the idea of prioritizing performance over pain. While that sounds like an absurd statement, the basics behind the statement are true yet this leads to xcessive single-joint abdominal workouts, too much cardio, and Just over-doing it basically. When performance increases, fitness improves. Its as simple as that. Rest is another major and extremely important aspect of bodybuilding and also is widely underrated amongst individuals Just getting started bodybuilding. Rest has several meanings to a bodybuilder however; rest can mean rest between sets; rest between training sessions, a nights sleep, or even a nap (Verial, 2013). Rest between sets creates a form of balance. It determines the type of workout you endure hether you choose short rest times for a more cardio type training, but optimally longer rest periods of 1-2 minutes is ideal for strength recovery and higher intensity. Rest between sessions this is when your body is most accepting of nutrients and resources to repair and restore muscle, (growing period), at its peak. Ensuring proper rest time between training sessions is critical to muscle gain or loss. Sleep is highly critical in the form of sleeping either 8 hours a night or getting sleep during the day to total 8 hours in a 24 hour period. The idea that ties in all the reasons tated before; rest equals muscle repair and growth (Verial, 2013). Last but not least is the idea of discipline. With any fad idea or New Years resolution, emotions die down when progress seems to halt when in reality it only seems to halt right before the desired results start to appear so individuals give up and give in to the fast food they pass every day on their way to work. This is where the successful and most developed individual sets his or herself apart from the normal lifter or fitness aspiring person. Through perseverance, proper training, smart training, rest, and iet will achieve anything they want to accomplish in the gym setting. When one looks at the numerous training brochures, videos on YouTube, or articles on the internet about training, you almost always see a person that is in shape, looks great, that is essentially chiseled, and they make a workout look seemingly easy. This is because they have put that time in when they didnt want to go to the gym because they were sick or because they had better things to do, but did anyway. They put in the hard work that no one else wants to do for themselves, and thinks that guy is razy for spending that much time in the gym. To achieve a superior physique and gain serious muscle mass and have that muscular look, you have to be dedicated. the next day that night and separate into Tupperware containers in the refrigerator. This means right down your workout ahead of time so that there is little guessing when you go and what you do at the gym when the time comes. This means getting to sleep with at least 6 hours of good sleep before you wake up to ensure muscle recovery. This means taking the steps necessary, no matter the consequences to chieve your goals. Discipline means setting goals for yourself that one may think is crazy to them, but in ones own mind, is Just a stepping stone to a higher goal after they achieve it. Bodybuilding, lifting, training, dieting, everything about the idea of fitness is about discipline and regimen and sticking to it over a length of time. Nobody was built in a week and thus no mind should be broken in that amount of time as well. One must not allow the negative effects of training outweigh the positive effects that come shortly after.

Dissatisfied vs. Unsatisfied

Dissatisfied vs. Unsatisfied Dissatisfied vs. Unsatisfied Dissatisfied vs. Unsatisfied By Sharon Dont mix up dissatisfied with unsatisfied. Dissatisfied applies only to people who are unhappy, frustrated or disappointed with a thing, person or situation. Examples: I was dissatisfied with the service I received at the restaurant. She was dissatisfied with his response to her question. Unsatisfied refers to the feeling of needing more and can be used with abstract items. Examples: Despite the hearty meal, his hunger remained unsatisfied. She has had the bill for three weeks, but it still remained unsatisfied. The adjective is dissatisfaction. Here are some quotations from publications around the web: No, thats not a real statistic. Yet Ilana hasnt been alone in her sexual frustration. Several shows recently have been depicting women as unsatisfied. Like Ilana, theyre determined to do something about it and a finding man isnt necessarily part of the equation. LA Times More people than ever are dissatisfied with the products and services they buy, according to a new report from Arizona State Universitys W.P. Carey School of Business. And when there is a problem, were less happy with the customer service we receive. USA Today Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Grammar Test 125 Russian Words Used in English (and 25 More That Should Be)12 Misunderstood and Misquoted Shakespearean Expressions

Exploring How Constructions of Power Operate in and Among Communities Essay

Exploring How Constructions of Power Operate in and Among Communities and Institutions - Essay Example In Asia, on the other hand, another continent where the world's poor may be found, 432,000 people became newly infected, raising the total number of infected people to 4.8 million. While there have been some increase in the number of HIV/AIDS victims in the more prosperous parts of the world like Europe and the United States, the increase in the developing countries are sharper and therefore more alarming. HIV stands for human immunodeficiency virus. It is a virus that infects human cells and the virus grows and reproduces by feeding of the nutrients of healthy human cells. HIV is the virus that leads to AIDS which stands for Acquired Immunodeficiency Virus, and in this case, the body's immune system breaks down and can no longer ward off infections that come in. These infections that come in are called "opportunistic infections" because they take advantage of a deteriorating immune system. The virus can be transmitted via sexual intercourse - this could be vaginal, anal or oral - whether in heterosexual or homosexual relations, sharing needles or syringes or infection during pregnancy, childbirth or breastfeeding. There are plenty of global initiative... The initiatives are in the nature of prevention advocacy - wherein grassroots level education is being promoted and awareness is being pushed so that governments are pressured to do something concrete for their people who are suffering from the illness - as well as curative strategies to democratize health care and medication. One such initiative is the amFAR or the Foundation for AIDS Research. In its website (www.amfar.org), the organization described itself as follows: Founded in 1985, amfAR is dedicated to ending the global AIDS epidemic through innovative research. With the freedom and flexibility to respond quickly to emerging areas of scientific promise, amfAR plays a catalytic role in accelerating the pace of HIV/AIDS research and achieving real breakthroughs. amfAR-funded research has increased our understanding of HIV and has helped lay the groundwork for major advances in the study and treatment of HIV/AIDS. Since 1985, amfAR has invested $260 million in its mission and has awarded grants to more than 2,000 research teams worldwide. The amFAR has helped by funding research critical to the development of essential medication that has led to the reduction of HIV/AIDS cases, such as protease inhibitors, Fuzeon and maraviroc. For prevention, it has also funded research for new technology to prevent the spread of the virus and supported programs to provide sterile syringes, which would help reduce AIDS intravenous transmission. It has also funded education programs, most notably in Nepal, and in the Asia Pacific region. In legislative work, the organization also has played an important law in the drafting of AIDS prevention legislation by the

Select an organization that has a web presence and analyze the Article

Select an organization that has a web presence and analyze the organization using elements listed below from Chapter 3 - Article Example It is a company based in US but it enjoys a large market share in all continents. The organization has branches in various countries to ensure that there is a continuous supply of products to their customers. The company has laid strategies that are responsible for the large market share that they have. Gillette enjoyed monopoly of the market until 1962 when other companies producing similar products emerged to compete for market. Despite of competition from other companies, Gillette has maintained a higher number of customers across the globe. Gillette has 70% of the market share with its competitors sharing a 30% share. The company started with men’s razor and blade products, after a proper market research, they started to manufacture women shaving products too. Men had complains when they shave with ordinary razors. They developed complications like rushes and pain after shaving. Due to this, they needed shaving products that are safe. Gillette produces a variety of shaving products that completely satisfies their customers’ shaving needs. Their razor products include Atra, Trac-II, and Sensor for women. They also produce Mach3 that has three thin blades designed to shave closely with less strokes and no irritation. Customers as well need products that are less expensive. To satisfy this need, Gillette has applied technology to produce shaving products that can be used more than once; hence, their products are economically friendly to customers. Gillette has several competitors that threaten their large market share. Key competitors include Schick and the Quattro. They produced the first four bladed razors to the market. They also produced shaving products for women for instance, Intuition for women invaded Gillette’s hold of market for women shaving products. Gillette has also faced serious competition from online competitors for example the dollar-shaving club. They try to win customers using their low shaving prices as compared to Gillette