Identify one problematic aspect of Human Resource Management that Essay

Recognize one risky part of Human Resource Management that identified with your association - Essay Example On their approach to turning into a piece of the group, there can be numerous contentions, differences, and grievous occasions. One significant obstacle in accomplishing concordance among the individuals is the assorted variety that they have. The decent variety includes age, instruction, religion, ethnic foundation, sex, pay scale, conjugal status, parental status, sexual direction and so on. Like any cutting edge association, oil and gas organizations likewise look for decent variety in their workforce so as to bring an assortment of aptitudes. Assorted variety in a working environment unavoidably involves a few issues. The most serious issue is made in view of preferences and absence of acknowledgment. The world comprises of numerous societies which are altogether different from one another. Individuals have created types and they distinguish others utilizing generalizations. Individuals are named Americans, Asians, Africans, Indians, Mexicans and so on., and these arrangements ar e differing to the point that it is practically difficult to number them. Additionally, there are classes inside classes. For example, there are various kinds of Muslims, Hindus, Christians, and Jews and so forth. Individuals are additionally oppressed in the event that they are gay people. Further, when individuals originate from various societies, they will undoubtedly have various ways of life. Little thankfulness is appeared in today’s world for each other’s way of life. ... At the point when individuals are from various societies, they may communicate in various dialects. With English having become an International language, this issue is illuminated generally. In any case, there is likewise a non-verbal correspondence and certain signals are just reasonable by a specific culture. They have various qualities, convictions, practices and suppositions about the world (Alexander, 1988). The more the individuals are not quite the same as one another, the harder it is for them to convey. In oil and gas organizations in The Middle East, enrollments are produced using practically everywhere throughout the globe. The faculty comprise of individuals from the Far East and the sub-landmass to laborers from Europe and the US. In an expert association, individuals figure out how to regard one another and they attempt their best to get along. In any case, there are sure qualities that are not usually accepted. For example, the laborers from the West have the propensit y for having non-romantic associations with ladies. In their general public, it is extremely normal that a man and a lady are companions. Notwithstanding, non-romantic relations are exceptional in Muslim societies. The Arabs and different Muslims disapprove of the dispassionate relations that the others have. Following the lead of the West, a few Muslims may likewise have non-romantic relations however they are then addressed by their own networks. Consequently, a snare of refined issues is weaved. Drinking wine or liquor is likewise restricted for the Muslims in their religion. They avoid liquor yet the non-Muslims don't do likewise. While sitting in a blended assembling, it frequently happens that a non-Muslim unconsciously offers a beverage to a Muslim yet the offer is dismissed in a passionate way. This can prompt a verbal or a physical fight. Regardless of whether it doesn't, it gives

Econometrics Speech or Presentation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Econometrics - Speech or Presentation Example The coefficient gauge (ÃŽ ²2 = 0.37) recommends that there will be 37% expansion in development if the topographical area of a country goes up by in any event one units. Negative coefficients, for example, ÃŽ ²3 being - 0.62 recommend a diminishing in development by 62% in the event that we increment nations dwelling in Asia to the model by 1 unit. On a comparative note, ÃŽ ²4 of - 1.00 proposes a decline in development by 100% in the event that we increment the quantity of nations dwelling in Africa by one unit. At long last, and ÃŽ ²5 of - 0.25 recommends that there will be a reduction, of up to 25%, pay per capita in the event that we increment nations dwelling in different pieces of the world. The present model, for what it's worth in the condition, can't draw out the distinctive impact on pay per capita that is realized by factor DAfrica,i and DOther,i. this in light of the fact that the autonomous factors DAsia, and Dother, will naturally be connected as Asia is a piece of the remainder of the world. Along these lines, we will have two variable that depict a comparative impact on development. A fall by up to 62 percent is acknowledged because of a decrease of one unit on the salary per capita of the Asian nations. Then again, the pay per capita will decrease by up to 100 percent if there is an expansion of a solitary unit on the nations in Africa. Inherently, there is a foresighted mean drop on the pay per capita of 48 percent in the two mainlands. Receiving crude score rather than total score will cause the gauge of Lati littler than that of Ri. This is from the way that the two free factors utilizing different estimating units. There will be a decrease of the second model for the R2 and standard mistake. furthermore, that heteroscedasticity was a worry in model 1 in table 1, at that point model 1 would not have a consistent mistake change. Thusly, to test whether heteroscedasticity is available in model 1 (table 1) or not, the test theory would be such

Tiananmen Square And How It Relates To free essay sample

The Good Earth Essay, Research Paper The Tiananmen Square Protest ( and how the subjects relate with The Good Earth ) The Chinese specialists at the clasp of the Tiananmen Square dissent was a socialist absolutism that was get bringing down to follow industrialist monetary sciences. The specialists governed by dismay. A considerable lot of their government officials were degenerate. There are a few sorts of issues that the Tiananmen Square dissent shares for all intents and purpose with The Good Earth. In both, there are situations where one individual adjustments something that undertakings. At the point when the nonconformists were being shot by shielded battle vehicles and work powers with firearms, one grown-up male remained in forepart of a line of voyaging heavily clad battle vehicles, make bolding them to run over him. The protected battle vehicles did non run over him and by ending them he may hold spared 100s of lives. In The Good Earth, a grown-up male surrenders his last supplement to Wang Lung with the goal that he can take care of his children and keep up them from wanting to perish. We will compose a custom article test on Tiananmen Square And How It Relates To or on the other hand any comparative subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Hu Yaobang was general secretary in China until he # 8220 ; exceeded # 8221 ; his limits and had to resign. Close to his perish he was open about his supposition that China ought to be a majority rule government. At the point when he kicked the bucket, 1000s of understudies assembled to demo that they concurred and that they needed China to be a vote based system. They started a dissent to request the rights they thought they and the individuals of China were qualified for. They requested warrants of human rights, primarily opportunity of address, opportunity of the hugeness, and opportunity of get together. The students said that a less degenerate specialists was essential and that the common war between terrain China and Taiwan must stop and be close to agreeable rivalry. Correction of the basic law to take everything that upheld absolutism by trusting on the balance of class fight was other than a need. They other than said that their pioneers should have been considered responsible for their activities. The pioneers of the Chinese Communist Party were not exactly upbeat at the possibility of these adjustments since they dispensed with the greater part of their capacity and made them increasingly helpless. The initial not many yearss of the Tiananman Square dissent had an about festival like air. Laborers would demo up with their companions the moment their dislodging was finished. There were 1000s of individuals yelling and moving decorations, which gave the first yearss the rather unworried sentiment of composed commotion. Understudies from the University of Communications even framed an allegorical thrill ride by partner authorities and sorting out what they called a # 8220 ; voyaging majority rules system divider # 8221 ; . At the point when the universe heard what was go oning in Tiananmen Square , numerous individuals could non sit delicately and make no move. One 67 twelvemonth old grown-up male said that when he perceived how the understudies were suffering for their motivation, it was too much â€Å"pitiful† to watch and he chose to travel fall in them, passing on the message that both juvenile and old needed China to modify. A large number of the world’s individuals upheld the Tiananman Square dissent by helping the protesters’ families and coordinating cash and other help. Be that as it may, there were other than numerous individuals who hated the students and laborers who were fighting since they were doing commotion. The book The Good Earth and the Tiananman Square dissent have numerous comparable subjects venturing out on because of the way that the two of them took topographic point now and again when the development of China was modifying. As a matter of fact, a subject that played a remarkable capacity in the two was adjustment in position. Wang Lung # 8217 ; s position changed when he can buy land from the Huang family unit since they had been so ground-breaking and rich. All through the book he non simply augmentations position by buying their territory, Wang Lung and his family unit at last supplant the Huang family unit in their place of intensity. In China, simply a couple of mature ages before the Tiananman Square dissent, the Red Guard mistreated the once rich ( no 1 was really rich ) and the informed. The greater part of the once in the past rich and taught got hapless while a portion of the hapless individuals got more extravagant. In both The Good Earth and the Tiananmen Square diss ent managed power fight in the general public. In The Good Earth Wang Lung possesses private land and works extremely hard to do it turn supplement. Around the clasp of the Tiananmen Square dissent, the chance of having private things was only coming back to China. For around 40 mature ages all land had a place with the network and since everybody got an equivalent segment of what the land developed and of the harvest, about no 1 buckled down. The Tiananmen Square dissent transformed into a butcher when the Chinese Communist Party brought heavily clad battle vehicles and weapons into Tiananmen Square and shot. A huge number of lives were lost. The personal satisfaction in China improved for a few, yet none of the requests of the dissidents have been met. In China, both at Tiananmen Square and in The Good Earth, however numerous individuals kick the bucket, life goes on. It is about as though history is emphasizing its self image. In both The Good Earth and in China at the clasp of the Tiananmen Square dissent, cultural classification is an issue. In The Good Earth the cultural classification of an individual may adjust actually drastically actually quickly, while China the clasp of the Tiananmen Square dissent attempted to smother cultural position all together.

Why Do Students Want to Write an AP Lit Essay Sample?

Why Do Students Want to Write an AP Lit Essay Sample?Most students have an idea as to what an AP Lit essay sample is when they first begin taking a math class. The essay samples are generally basic essays. There is a common misconception that writing an AP Lit essay sample is one of the most difficult parts of an AP course.So, what is the difference between writing an AP Lit essay sample and any other essay? In a nutshell, an AP essay sample is supposed to be easy. It should be something that is straightforward. It should follow a 'need' based format, and it should be brief.Students are expected to deliver these essays for the entire duration of their AP Lit course. This is because they will be required to take an exam that measures how well they have used the strategies, facts, and information in their AP Lit essays. An essay sample should be the first step in preparing for the AP Lit exam.In a high school or college class, students are allowed to write as many AP essays as they lik e. For this reason, it is recommended that the student spend extra time studying the topic, writing, and editing their AP Lit essay samples. This is because each essay sample is different. It can follow a different format or contain different content.By giving extra time to the writing process, students can guarantee themselves of writing a good essay that will be easy to understand. If they are able to make the writing process time-consuming, then the overall time it takes them to write their AP Lit essay samples is significantly increased. That means their final grade will suffer.Although there are no set guidelines about the time students should spend studying, the math course will still have an assigned time period. For this reason, students are advised to spend at least an hour per day learning the material. This may seem like a small amount, but over the course of a semester, it could save the student a lot of frustration. This could mean a lot of extra credit, which they woul d definitely want.Most students who enroll in the AP courses will actually feel that they have more fun doing math than anything else. They may even forget that they are taking an AP course and focus more on the class. While this does not necessarily mean that students should try to replicate the experiences of their professors, there is certainly a place for a teacher. So, if a student cannot find the time to research on the subject matter, it is important to know that they should consider doing some extra work to prepare for the AP Lit course.

The Biology Of Sleep And Circadian Rhythms - 2174 Words

Heller’s two main research focuses are the biology of sleep and the biology of thermoregulation. Understanding how sleep and circadian rhythms work has obvious implications for treating sleep disorders and the many health issues associated therewith, and, Heller has shown, less obvious implications for treating issues with memory, as well as diseases, such as Down syndrome, that are related to impacted circadian rhythms and memory formation and retainment. Understanding how body temperature affects body functions has practical applications to human health and the treatment of hypo- and hyperthermia--problems that will likely impact more and more people as climate change gives rise to more extreme temperatures across the globe. In addition, research in thermoregulation has practical applications for athletes who would like to improve their performance by ameliorating the negative impacts of high body temperature on physical functioning. In (1), Heller shows that once a person i s asleep, exposure to light in repeated millisecond flashes can postpone circadian salivary activity. This implies that exposure to light might shift the entire circadian rhythm, which in turn implies that controlled exposure to light once asleep could be an effective, non-invasive treatment for patients with misaligned circadian rhythms. The control of the light exposure is essential, as Heller’s novel millisecond-based approach averted the problem run into by many previous studies on the effects ofShow MoreRelatedCircadian Biology : The Complexities Of Keeping Time918 Words   |  4 Pages The seminar that I attended was hosted by the biology department, with was Jennifer Hurley presenting from the Renesslaer Polytechnic Institute. The topic of the seminar was Circadian Biology: The complexities of keeping time. In this seminar, she went into depth about circadian rhythms and why they are important. Jennifer has done many experiments in regards circadian rhythms to learn more about them. One experiment she conducted consisted of the plant Daphnia. Jennifer and her research team discoveredRead MoreBiological Rhythms: History and Effects Essay examples1737 Words   |  7 Pagespaper I will attempt to explain the nature of biological rhythms, their history, and their affect on the everyday workings of the human body and mind. Biological rhythms, known also as circadian rhythms or the inner clock, pervade every aspect of human and animal life. Defined as the biological clocks that regulate all animals, plants, and people, and that dont follow the artificial timing of the strict 24-hour solar/lunar day (Circadian Links, WWW 1996), biorhythms affect ordinary everydayRead MoreEssay on Rise and Shine: The Debate Over High School Starting Times1640 Words   |  7 PagesSpecifically in high school, one such aspect is when the day is scheduled to start. There are have been major strides in the research of sleep, and many of them find that the common first bell for adolescents negatively coincides with their sleep schedule. The traditional time for high schools to start is based off of outdated factors. Scientific evidence on adolescents’ sleep needs and studies conducted on the results after changes were made show that the major benefits to delaying the beginning of schoolRead MoreEssay on Effects of Coca ine, Seratonin and Melatonin on the Brain2623 Words   |  11 Pages Nature and life are full of rhythms. Rhythms in nature include: day and night, seasons, tides, and lunar and solar cycles. Humans are driven by rhythms like: heartbeats, breathing rates, sleep patterns and brain rhythms which include chemical and hormonal secretion. Without rhythms, life would be uncontrollable and chaotic.    We know relatively very little about the complex organ called the brain. Our brain responds to natures eternal external rhythms like seasons, tides, the sun andRead MoreTaking a Look at the Nasal Cycle3041 Words   |  12 Pageswhole day but the total pre-dominant nostril airflow duration is relatively high in only one nostril for the particular day of a week. From the statistical analysis it is observed that there exist a significant (p0.05) correlation of nasal cycle rhythm in the week days of Monday, Wednesday and Friday which with Left nostril dominance. Whereas the predominant airflow exists with Right nostril in the weekdays of Sunday, Tuesday and Saturday. From these results it is perceived the influence of infradianRead Moreâ€Å"Suicide Rates Among Inuit Are Shockingly High At Six To1340 Words   |  6 Pagesthe highest suicide rates in the world, and it continues to rise, especially among youth.† (â€Å"Aboriginal Mental Health†: 2015) Among other factors, t hese suicide rates have much of their cause due to the physical environment and its effects on the biology of an individual living in this region. For example, in any given portion of Nunavut an Inuit individual can experience extremes like twenty four hours of daylight in June to twenty four hours of darkness in December (â€Å"Nunavut FAQ’s†: 2017) . OtherRead MoreBipolar Disorder : A Concise Review3296 Words   |  14 Pagesepinephrine, serotonin, dopamine, circadian system, BDNF. Bipolar disorder is a serious and devastating mental disorder. Suicidal ideation and comorbid conditions further worsen the outcome and prognosis. Abnormalities in monoaminergic pathways and signaling networks have been shown to be involved in the pathogenesis of disorder. Circadian system has been extensively studied and the results implicate significant contribution of the disrupted circadian rhythms in the underlying pathophysiologyRead MoreHow to Cure Insomnia1961 Words   |  8 PagesBiology Issue Report Subject: Why insomnia is an effective disorder and what solutions can be applied to cure it. The problem Biologists, Psychologists and Therapists have been trying to inaugurate a treatment for insomnia which has a negative effect on sleep. Deep sleep aids a â€Å"major biological restorative function† as it renews our physical energy. The issue is that insomniacs don’t sleep enough and that means they lack physical energy. (2) Categories of Insomnia †¢ Onset Insomnia (Transient Insomnia):Read MoreSince the discovery of powered flight, man has endeavored to test the limits of traveling higher,2700 Words   |  11 Pagescitizen. The mock-up facility simulated the Earth-Mars shuttle spacecraft, the ascent-descent craft, and the Martian surface. Volunteer crew used in the three stages included professionals with experience in fields such as engineering, medicine, biology, and human spaceflight (CITATION). The criterion for the Mars500 mission was constructed with persons of variable skills and backgrounds in mind, specifically to discourage a homogenous crew; whereas previous space missions emphasized the recruitmentRead MoreAn Exploration of Sleeps Effects on the Brain2411 Words   |  10 PagesComing from a teenager, sleep is a beautiful thing that when I wake up at noon it allows me to feel fully revived and ready to seize what is left of the day. The great historic, Benjamin Franklin, once said of sleep, â€Å"Early to bed, early to rise makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise.† Nobody every really needed to prove the healthy part of his saying because most people know that after sleeping the body seems to gain energy. The second part to his statement probably could use a bit of proving because

Second Wave Feminism A Feminist Perspective - 2232 Words

What is feminism? What makes someone a feminist? In today’s society, a common answer might be â€Å"an angry lesbian that hates men.† However, feminism as defined by the OED, is â€Å"the advocacy of women’s rights on the grounds of political, social, and economic equality to men.† Simply put, a feminist is someone who believes that women and men should be treated equally, regardless of gender. The rise in feminism is due in part to the multiple waves of feminist movements that have raised awareness concerning gender inequalities and women’s experiences. In this essay, we will aim to explore second-wave feminism, how second-wave feminist poets used poetry to bring gender equality to the forefront of the discussion, and its ever-lasting impact on our society. Second-wave feminism is a period of feminist activity that expanded the discussion regarding women’s sexuality, domesticity, the workplace, abortion rights, and much more. Prior to second-wave feminism, the discussion had mainly focused on women’s suffrage. Second-wave feminism originated in the 1960s and was a delayed response to the renewed domestic ideologies of women after World War II. TV shows such as Father Knows Best and Leave It to Beaver began idealizing domesticity, making it part of mainstream American culture (DeKoven 268). Consequently, the ideal marriage consisted of a stay at home wife and the breadwinner husband. The wife would care for the children and household, while the husband held all rights to earnings,Show MoreRelatedFeminist Theory Of Feminism1245 Words   |  5 Pagesinvited to feel welcome to participate in the conversation ( Watson, 2014). In the feminist perspective, which is an extension of feminism, there is support of equality for both women and men. Feminism is a belief that women and men have equal rights and opportunities. There are many different branches in the feminist perspective, one of the most interesting one is intersectional feminism. Intersectional feminism believes that experiences of class, gender, and race can not be adequately understoodRead MoreFeminist Student Culture And The Issues Of Postsecondary Education946 Words   |  4 Pagessynthesize and discuss feminist student culture and the issues in postsecondary education. First, the paper reviews the various definitions and movements surrounding feminism. In addition, the paper analyzes the perspectives of women and men and whether they support or are against feminist student culture. Lastly, the paper discusses recommendations and future research for student affairs professions to maintain feminist student culture in higher education. Understanding feminism Feminism in the United StatesRead MoreFeminism : Women s Role1541 Words   |  7 Pages Feminism has had a tremendous result on women’s roles in society and in their everyday life. After a while, women got sick of living a strict lifestyle. They became tired of staying caged in their houses, cooking, and cleaning, and not being able to do what they truly wanted and so desired. So, they decided that they wanted this no more and needed to do something to put a stop to this and make change. What they really wanted was equality between men and women and wanted the same opportunities thatRead MoreFeminism : Social And Economic Context1086 Words   |  5 Pagescultures and the problems that are included with feminism. Cultural feminism was developed from a different type of feminism called radical feminism. Radical feminism is known as the perspective where the male supremacy is not included in any social and economic context. The purpose of radical feminism is to get eliminate patriarchy by challenging the existing norms and other institutions, rather than through a pure political process. This type of feminism includes challenging the notion of traditionalRead MoreFeminist Theory1345 Words   |  6 PagesFeminist Theory Feminist theory is the extension of feminism into theoretical, or philosophical discourse, it aims to understand the nature of gender inequality. It examines womens social roles and lived experience, and feminist politics in a variety of fields, such as anthropology and sociology, communication, psychoanalysis, economics, literary criticism, education, and philosophy. While generally providing a critique of social relations, much of feminist theory also focuses on analyzing genderRead MoreGender Equality And The Movement For Women s Rights On A Global Scale1174 Words   |  5 Pagescontroversial perceptions of the meaning of feminism and what feminists stand for. For many years, feminism is considered a series of mere actions exhorting for only women, which is anti-men and overaggressive. Recently, there is a gradual change in the understanding of what feminism is. It is all about the equality that every living human should be treated regardless of gender, race, religion or class. My essay will analyze in-depth the case study of Emma Watson’s feminism campaign, HeforShe campaign, basedRead MoreFeminism : The First Wave Of Feminism1267 Words   |  6 PagesFeminism is a movement calling for social change, holding to a belief that women are oppressed by American society due to patriarchy’s inherent sexism. This social movement explained quite simply started in the 19th century when women fought for the right to vote, sought to improve workplace conditions for women as well as increase working opportunities. From this initial movement, called first wave feminism, stemmed other waves that though somewhere in the same vein, they held many differing goalsRead MoreFeminism And The Reality Behind Feminism Essay913 Words   |  4 PagesA poll on whether individuals identify themselves as feminist, conducted by the Huffington Post and YouGov, states that only one-fifth of Americans identify themselves as feminist. Although the participants did not assoc iate with the â€Å"feminist† term, 82 percent of the respondents agree that men and women are equal in the aspect of social, political, and economic rights. Ironically the respondents agree with what feminism stands for. The confusion is the result of several negative connotations associatedRead MoreThe Feminist Theory Of Animal Studies924 Words   |  4 PagesFeminist scholars are concerned with a broad range of issues and topics for discussion. Taking this into consideration, animal studies is a new and edgy field, especially in the context of feminist theory. The general findings of this paper include patriarchal establishments, and speciesism as an institution of oppression influencing and interconnected with sexism. However, this literature review will not explore the connections of animal studies within queer theory due to insufficient research,Read MoreFeminism And Its Impact On Women s Rights Movement Essay1586 Words   |  7 Pages Growing up, misconceptions of feminism lead me to reject the idea quickly. Identifying myself as a feminist made me uncomfortable since it evoked the image of a troop of an angry man-hating, unattractive women. When signing up for classes for senior year, I wanted to pick classes of interest to me, but sadly those classes were filled up, leaving me with no choice to enroll in a Gender Studies class. Unexpectedly, I never met with a mass of enraged women spewing hate towards males; rather it was

Stress and Its Impact on Body and Human Behavior

Question: Discuss about theStress and Its Impact on Body and Human Behavior. Answer: Introduction Stress can be considered as a particular type of mental tension and worry which is caused by problems in life, work etc. It is actually something that causes strong feeling of worry or anxiety. It is quite common and natural human response to pressure, it is caused when the people face with challenging and dangerous situations in life. Stress can be caused not only the external factors, also by internal factors like the demands which we face on ourselves. Stress also contribute to the increase in our conscious level and will increase our alertness and energy to meet the challenging situations. Stress is helpful when it leaves us feeling fatigues, tense, anxious, burnt out or overwhelmed. Stress can be both positive as well as negative. It do possess effect on both the body and the mind. Stress stimulates the body and the mind and will release in hormones and adrenaline to cope with the increases pressure and the prevailing external conditions (Vanderkolk, 2012). Whenever the body is under the stress, there will be response in the form of release of hormones as well as in the form of increasing the heart and the breathing rates. Whenever stressed, the brain will get more oxygen and will give you an edge and higher conscious to deal with the situation. If the chronic stress persists, the person will be subjected to the irritability, anxiety as well as depression. It is also possible that the person may suffer from headaches as well as insomnia when subjected to prolonged stress. Sometimes stress in a person will result in some behaviors such as overeating in the human beings, also it will result in symptoms like not eating at all. Problems such as alcohol usage, drug abuse and social with drawl are also some of the consequences of the human beings getting subjected to stress (Lovallo, 2015). Figure 1 Impact of stress on human body Effect of stress and the subsequent symptoms that which evolve in people will change from time to time. Some of the symptoms may be more impactive and other symptoms may be less impactive however more or less most of the stress related ailments in human beings will result in adverse health effects like head aches, high blood pressure, heart related problems, diabetes and skin conditional problems as well as breathing related ailments like asthma, arthritis depression and anxiety (Glaser, 2014). Central nervous system (CNS) is in charge of your fight or flight response. When a human body is subjected to stress, CNS will inform the body what to do, marshalling all the resources to the cause. Typical reaction of the CNS can be to let the adrenal glands to release adrenaline and cortisol. CNS facilitates normal operation of the systems, once the perceived stress is complete. If a human body is chronically exposed to the stress, it is more likely that there can be irritability, anxiety and depression to the subject. Respiratory system will get excited when exposed to the severe stress conditions. The breathing rate will increase due to the stress. Also it is possible that the heart will pump the blood at much faster rate. Stress hormones will cause your blood vessels to constrict and will result in hike in blood pressure. This will let the brain to get more oxygen to provide more strength and energy to the body to take an action. Digestive system will provide extra blood sugar t o give a boost of energy to the body. Chronic stress is also responsible for the cause of diabetes II in human beings, due to surge of glucose in the blood (Fisher, 2013). Chronic stresses will result in muscle contraction and subsequent problems like head ache, body and stomach pains. Excess stress exposure will elevate the male hormone release in men, chronic release of excess male hormones will result in erectile dysfunction and even impotence in men. For women more painful menstrual cycle may result in. Immune system will become weakened in people subjected to frequent stress and it will result in making them more prone to contagious diseases and infections (Thoits, 2013). Figure 2 Stress and its effect on body- behavior- emotions -mind Stress do have intensive effect on the human emotions, which will possess effect on the human behavior as well (Carlson, 2016). Typical problems which the person faces with emotions are loss of positive outlook, results in losing confidence, Individual will become highly susceptible to irritation, there will be accompanying depression for the person all the time, Individual will be apathetic towards external happenings. Always livers in detachment and will show derogated interest in the surrounding happenings, Also there will be remarked alienation and continuous apprehension. Whatever may be the causes of the stresses in individuals the impact of the stresses on human emotions is same. The immediate consequence of excess stress exposure is loss of healthy relations in the family and the surroundings and which will further contribute to the increase in the stress levels in the individuals (Lovallo, 2015). Stress will impact human beings behavior considerably. It will result in overeating or under-eating of human beings. Frequent exposure to the stress will result in angry outburst of the people. People may succumb to the drug or alcohol abuse with chronic stress exposure. Also there are fair chances for people to succumb to the tobacco usage. Psychologically people will get depressed and they will succumb to the social withdrawal. Other behavioral changes include reduction in the frequency of the exercises in daily life (Wilson, 2013). Long term exposure to the stress will have visibly distinct changes in the patterns of the human behavior, people will start feeling worrying and anxious, they often feel themselves out of control and overwhelmed, they may experience frequent changes in the mood, difficulties in concentration, unrest as well irritability, defensiveness, irrationality, sometimes unnecessary overreaction all are results of the long term stress exposure in human beings. Sometimes human beings develop irrational fears like physical illness, natural disasters like thunderstorms, earth quakes and even feel terrified of ordinary situations like heights and small spaces (Seaword, 2013). Chronic stress exposure in human beings will result in bipolar disorder. This is also a type of manic depression or bipolar affective disorder, which will result in dramatic shifts in the moods of the people, results in the variation of the energy levels and enthusiasm from time to time. This will also result in the changes in the behavior of the people from the highs of mania (one pole) to the lows of major depression (the opposite pole). Bipolar mood disorder in the people with increase with time and the intensity also increase with time becoming more and more severe. Chronically stressed people will experience loss of concentration, trouble in learning and understanding new information as well they will also possess problems in making decisions (Selve, 2013). Some of the other general characteristic traits of the stressed people are, decreased interest in the appearance, decreased concern with the punctuality, obsessive or compulsive behavior, reduced work efficiency and productivity, unnecessary defensiveness or suspicious ness in human beings, problems in communication, frequent isolation and social withdrawal, impulsive characteristics like impulse buying, gambling, sexual behavior etc. all symptoms of mentally stressed human beings(Koslowski,2013). Modern lifestyle and associated pressures in human beings calling upon consistent exposure to the physical and mental stresses in the human beings. Actually the stress in human beings will result in several physical and mental ailments to the human beings. People if they are alert towards the physical and mental symptoms of the human beings then naturally then necessary precautions need to be taken to reduce unwanted stress on the mental and physical conditions of the human beings. For example aches and pains in the human beings, diarrhea or constipation, nausea and dizziness, chest pain, rapid heartbeat, loss of sex drive, frequent cold or flu are some of the several physical symptoms which the people will be subjected to and necessary precautionary steps need to be taken in that regard. Once evidently if is clear that you are exposed to stress, the first and the immediately necessary step that we need to take is stress management. There are spectrum of techniques and psychotherapie s possible to control the level of stress in people particularly the chronic stresses. As a tool for stress managing, one should involve in more moving activities, moving of the bodies, limbs will increase the blood circulation and will result in better capability to the human beings to face the stress (Driskell, 2013). Being socially involved with people will result in better social IQ as well will contribute to the emotional health, adapt to the stressor, adapt to the things that cannot or will not be changed, take time for outgoing and fun and happiness are some of the several things which one should consider to cope themselves with the stress. Health lifestyle with minimum usage of caffeine, sugar, no to tobacco, drugs and alcohol coupled with healthy diet will result in better capabilities for human beings to face the stress. Apart from better physical routines and emotional betterment exercises, there are several other techniques. References: Carlson, N. R. (2016). Physiology of behavior. Pearson. Driskell, J. E., Salas, E. (Eds.). (2013). Stress and human performance. Psychology Press. Fisher, S. (2015). Stress and strategy. Routledge. Glaser, R., Kiecolt-Glaser, J. K. (Eds.). (2014). Handbook of human stress and immunity. Academic Press. Lovallo, W. R. (2015). Stress and health: Biological and psychological interactions.Sage publications. M., Kluger, A. N., Reich, M. (2013). Commuting stress: Causes, effects, and methods of coping. Springer Science Business Media. Selye, H. (2013). Stress in health and disease. Butterworth-Heinemann. Seaward, B. L. (2013). Managing stress. Jones Bartlett Publishers. Thoits, P. A. (2013). Self, identity, stress, and mental health. In Handbook of the sociology of mental health (pp. 357-377). Springer Netherlands. Van der Kolk, B. A., McFarlane, A. C. (Eds.). (2012). Traumatic stress: The effects of overwhelming experience on mind, body, and society. Guilford Press. Wilson, J. P., Raphael, B. (Eds.). (2013). International handbook of traumatic stress syndromes. Springer Science Business Media.

Investigation into the relationship between the density of fresh water shrimps in fleet brook and the flow rate of water brook Essay Example

Investigation into the relationship between the density of fresh water shrimps in fleet brook and the flow rate of water brook Essay Fresh water shrimps (gammarus pulex) are crustacean living in many rivers and streams of this country. They prefer to live in flowing fresh water environments which often has better oxygenated waters that still water environments.2 Aim The aim of my investigation will be to determine the relationship, if any, between the gammarus pulex (fresh water shrimp) population density (the number of shrimps) and the rate of water flow at particular sites of Shir Burn Brook. Preliminary work We will write a custom essay sample on Investigation into the relationship between the density of fresh water shrimps in fleet brook and the flow rate of water brook specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Investigation into the relationship between the density of fresh water shrimps in fleet brook and the flow rate of water brook specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Investigation into the relationship between the density of fresh water shrimps in fleet brook and the flow rate of water brook specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer For my preliminary work, a variety of sampling techniques were carried out to collect samples of freshwater organisms in Shir Burn Brook. The methods include the kick sampling technique and the prodding sampling technique. The range of the flow rate of water in Shir Burn Brook was found to be 0.05m/s-0.25m/s. The samples collected also enabled me to correctly classify and thus allowing me to recognize gammarus pulex. Samples were also collected in a static water environment to enable me to differentiate between the species gammarus pulex and its static water relatives, grangonyx pseudogracilis. Kick samples were taken at different site in the brook. The numbers of freshwater shrimps found at each of these sites are 20, 35, 60, 15, 24. This shows me the range of the number gammarus pulex I should expect. These figures gave me a rough guide on the range of the numbers of gammarus pulex living in the brook. This means that I have a rough estimate of the numbers of shrimps I expect to find during my investigation. Hypothesis: There will be higher densities of gammarus pulex present in areas of faster water flow. The results should show a positive relationship between the rate of flow at a site in the stream and the number of shrimps found at the site. I believe this will be due to the variation in oxygenation of the water. As the water flows faster, the movement will mean that more oxygen can be dissolved into the water, creating a higher dissolved oxygen level in the water. The increased amount of oxygen will allow larger numbers of shrimps to thrive. Null hypothesis 1. There will be no relationship between the population density of gammarus pulex and the water flow rates of sites in Shir Burn Brook where the gammarus pulex are collected. 2. There is no correlation between the dissolved oxygen level of the water of the different sites of Shir Burn Brook and the rate of flow of water at these sites. Background information to explain hypothesis Site The Fleet is a man-made brook by diversion of Shir Burn Brook (TM075314) in the 19th century. The purpose of the Fleet was to deliver water to be used by the steam turbines in the near by railway station down stream.1 It runs through a clearing in woodlands. It is relatively unpolluted with nitrates and phosphate levels within the normal guidelines. As with any flowing fresh water habitat, there are large numbers of freshwater shrimp dwelling there.1 Gammarus pulex Gammarus pulex is a species of freshwater shrimps. Fresh water shrimps belong to the order of the amphipoda. A typical amphipod crustacean is flattened from side to side, and the body when at rest is curved round to form an arch. Gammarus pulex is found swimming on its side. When it is moving the hind parts of its body straightens out, only to contract again suddenly into its normal curved position as soon as the creature stops. They are often found under stones or on the soft surface of the mud, and when disturbed scud rapidly away to shelter. The male is about 25mm in length and the females slightly smaller. Their colour is usually lightish brown. Fresh water shrimps are largely scavengers, feeding on decaying organic matter, but they are also known to devour other smaller creatures. Gammarus pulex are found abundantly in freshwater habitats in the British Isles. Care should be taken during classification to differentiate between the species gammarus pulex and grangonyx pseudogracilis which are usually found in static water environments.2 Flow rate of water Velocity of water varies throughout streams. This is due to the friction between the water and the stream bed. It is therefore expected that deeper parts of the stream will have higher rates of water flow since the surface in contact with stream bed-water volume area is smaller, meaning less friction. Depth is therefore a good indication of the flow rate at any site in the stream. Slower flow rates of water will allow small sediments of mud to develop on the bed of the stream. In faster sites, however only larger substrates such as pebbles are allowed to deposit while substrates that are too small are carried off by the water. The stony bed of the stream are especially suited for the gammarus pulex as there legs will allow them to cling on to rocks, this would be less possible with a muddy substrate.3 Some species of fresh water fauna are in a similar niche to the gammarus pulex will not all be designed to with stand the turbulence of the water. Therefore, at sites with higher water speeds, the diversity of species present there will be less. This means that there will be less interspecies competition for all the essentials which the gammarus requires (e.g. planktonic foodstuffs, oxygen, space for shelter).4 Dissolved oxygen and temperature. The solubility of oxygen from air, at normal atmospheric pressure, in pure fresh water is related to the temperature of the water by the equation: Cs = 475à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½(33.5 + t ) 5 Where Cs is the solubility of O2 in water in mg/l and t is the temperature. It is obvious that if more oxygen is dissolved in the water, there will be more of it available for the respiration of fresh water fauna living in the stream. Respiration provides energy in the form of ATP allowing the metabolisms in the animals bodies to occur.6 The oxygen concentration in the streams is expected to be higher in concentration compared to static aquatic environment. The distribution of oxygen is also expected to be more even than static water habitats. This is all due to the movement of the water in streams allowing more oxygen to dissolve and subsequently mixing the oxygen evenly. Nitrates and phosphates Nitrogen and phosphorus are basic elements in all living matter. Nitrates and phosphates therefore are not unexpected to be found dissolved in Nitrate is an essential provider of nitrogenous elements for living organisms. Nitrogen is essential for the synthesis of protein and nucleotides in most living things. Nitrogen is recycled through the biosphere by the nitrogen cycle.7 Dead and decaying organic materials (in this case dead leaves) are broken down by denitrifying bacteria inhabiting the water. The nitrogenous molecules are converted into nitrates Nitrate and phosphates are regulators of organic growth. The free flowing algae and small planktonic forms are affected directly. High levels of nitrates and phosphates often stimulate their growth. Gammarus feed on these. Therefore if more plankton are in the stream due to the nitrate and phosphates, the number of gammarus will increase also. The problem with nitrate and phosphates is that when excessive amounts are present (often due to soil leaching, effluent produced by farms, and human effluent) algal growth is intensified leading to eventual deoxygenation of the water eventually causing eutrophication. Thus there will be a decrease in the number of gammarus found in the water. 8 Variables and Key variables Explain Independent, the different rates of flow of the Dependent Factor / Variable Effect on the project Control method Density of fresh water shrimps This is what is tested Flow rate of river This is the key variable of the investigation. It is expected that a higher flow rate of water will lead to higher gammarus population densities, and lower water flow rate will lead to smaller gammarus populations. Dissolve oxygen level of water For all aerobic organisms, oxygen is essential for their survival. Thus, a higher concentration of dissolved will enable a larger population of gammarus to exist in an area providing other factors are not limiting. Control variables Nitrate levels in water This will increase the algal populations in the water. Though sustainable amount of nitrates in the stream will lead to more foodstuffs for the gammarus and thus increase their population, high levels of nitrates caused primarily by pollution will lead to diminished shrimp population as the result to the effects of eutrophication. This variable is sampled at each site so that it is ensured that the nitrate level throughout the stream is constant. It is expected to be constant since the movement of the water will mix any dissolved nitrates till it is in equilibrium in the water. Phosphate levels in water Like the nitrate levels, this abiotic factor will cause fluctuating levels of micro organisms in the stream. The phosphate level in the water is tested at every site. This again ensures that the phosphate concentration is constant throughout all of the tested sites as expected. The phosphate compound is expected to be distributed evenly in the water due to the movement of the currents. Water temperature There will be an optimal temperature range at which gammarus will like to live. If a section of the river is out of this range, the number of gammarus found there will be lower than other sites. The water temperature is monitored at every site. This again ensures that the temperature of the water is constant throughout every site. The water of the brook should be of very similar temperatures since the flowing water currents will distribute the heat evenly throughout the river. Where the water temperature is significantly different from the other sites tested, another site with a more acceptable water temperature will be chosen to be sampled. pH of water There again will be a range of pH of water outside of which few gammarus will survive. Sites whose water pH is too low or high will not contain many gammarus. The pH of the water is tested at every site. This is to make sure that every site tested all have the same pH. Sites whose pH is significantly different from all of the other sites are not chosen to take samples from. The pH is expected to remain fairly consistent throughout the stream. Leaf coverage of the sky above the brook If a section of the brook is covered by leaves, the chance of a dead leave falling into the brook is greatly increased. Since gammarus pulex feeds primarily on decaying plant material, the populations of freshwater shrimp in these regions will be expected to be greater than regions with no leaf cover. The percentage leaf coverage is recorded at the sites where samples are taken. It is made sure that the leaf coverages at all these sites are similar. This shall not prove to be difficult since the brook runs through a wooded area. Seasonal variations Due to the life cycle of the fresh water shrimps, there will be times in the year were there will be small amounts of the gammarus making sampling difficult. This is over come by taking all of the samples in a day. The investigation is conducted in summer when there is sufficient numbers of shrimps in the river. Range of samples and number of repeats At least ten different sites of the stream should be sampled. This will give me a suitable amount of data to adequately perform statistical tests such as Spearmans rank coefficient. The range of the water flow rate of the sites will be from about 0.05m/s 0.25m/s as I have discovered in my preliminary work. This will provide an adequate range for the above ten sites of data to be taken, e.g.: 0.05m/s 0.07m/s 0.09m/s 0.11m/s 0.13m/s 0.15m/s 0.17m/s 0.19m/s 0.21m/s 0.23m/s In practice it will be difficult in the natural environment of to select sites with these exact flow speeds of water. Rather than findinf sites with precisely the same flow rate of the above, ten sites with suitably different flow rates and of suitable range is used to take the samples from. At each site, the site is repeatedly sampled for ten times. This will allow me to calculate the mean of each site and to identify any anomalous samples that were taken. Apparatus A wide range of equipments are needed for sample collection and the monitoring of the aboitic variables of the different sites of the stream. The possible sampling techniques are also considered here as the preference of any one of the methods will invariably affect the choices of apparatus. Kick sampling Prod sampling Needs large area to take each sample, So the sample area may not e of equal flow rate Not much substrate at some sites. Prodding method difficult in picking up samples. Use of apparatus Apparatus available Apparatus Chosen Reason for choice Effect on precision and reliability To measure flow rate of rive at different sites Pooh stick method Impellor method Impellor method The impellor will enable me to determine the rate of water flow at the bed of the stream. Whereas the Pooh stick method will only tell me the surface flow rate. The impellor and flow rate counter will give the speed of water flow to the nearest 0.1m/s. it also eliminates any human error To measure water temperatures Mercury thermometer Digital thermometer Digital thermometer It is more accurate if the thermometer is always left in the water when the temperature reading is taken. The level of the stream is on a very low level, making the accurate reading of the mercury thermometer very difficult. Furthermore, the digital thermometer will record the temperature to the nearest 0.1oC, whereas the accuracy of the spirit thermometer is at best à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½0.25oC. The digital will give us the temperature of the water to a greater degree of accuracy (à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½0.05oC). This reduces the precision error from the mercury thermometer by ten fold. Human error is eliminated by not having to take a reading of the temperature at the correct eye level. There is no longer need to estimate when the reading lies between two graduation marks. To measure water pH level Digital pH meter Universal indicator Digital pH meter The digital pH meter will give an accurate qualitative pH reading to two decimal places. The universal indictor will allow me to estimate the pH by matching the colour of the test solution with a colour chart. This is extremely prone to errors in that it is often very difficult to obtain test solutions with exact matching colours as the chart. The digital meter gives the pH to a far greater degree of accuracy. There is no comparison with colour charts needed. Care should be taken to ensure that the pH meter is properly calibrated before use. To measure dissolved oxygen concentrations of water. Diaphragm dissolved oxygen meter Diaphragm dissolved oxygen meter (0.0-19.9mg/l) This will give the dissolved oxygen level of the water. There is not another method that is both as accurate and as easily performed as this, making it ideal for project work in the wild. This is the only applicable method of testing the oxygen content of the water in the stream. It is also the most accurate method that could be used. The dissolved oxygen concentration of the water will have to be tested on site rather than on samples taken back to the laboratory. This is because that some oxygen will enter or leave the water in the sample bottles during transporting to the laboratory. To obtain dissolved nitrate concentrations of water. Reflectometer Indicator strips Reflectometer The reflectometer gives the nitrate concentration quantitatively rather than a qualitative result from the indicator strips. It gives the concentration of nitrate in water in units of mg/l. Reflectometry allows the conversion of a single nitrate presence test in to a qualitative nitrate concentration analysis. As the name suggests, the test is conducted by reflection light on an indicator strip which will undergoes a colour change in the presence of nitrate. The strip changes colour in proportion to the concentration of nitrate in the water. The reflectometer is calibrated to detect the degree of this change and convert it into a quantitative concentration of nitrates. To obtain dissolved phosphate concentrations of water. Reflectometer Indicator strips Reflectometer (for high phosphate levels) Indicator strip and reagents kit (for low phosphate levels: 3.0mg/l Similar to the nitrate concentration test, the reflectometer gives the concentration of phosphate in the water quantitatively. One difference between testing for phosphate and nitrate is that there is going to be much less phosphate expected to be dissolved in the water than nitrate. If the nitrate concentration is smaller than 3.0mg/l, this reflectormeter will register the concentration only as low. Under these circumstances, another technique is used. In this technique, 5cm3 of water sample is used and a series of two reagents are added to it. The colour change underwent is compared to the colour changes on a chart. This gives the phosphate concentration to à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½0.25mg/l accuracy. The reasons are similar to those for testing the nitrate concentrations of water. The phosphate low concentration test will present a range of five distinctive colour changes. These will correspond to the concentrations of 0.0mg/l, 0.5mg/l, 1.0mg/l, 1.5mg/l, 2.0mg/l, and 2.5mg/l. This give the phosphate level to a greater degree of accuracy the reflectometers for higher concentrations of phosphates, although the over all precision error will remain similar (0.5à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½2.5 = 1.0 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 5.0) To measure the depth of brook at different sites. Meter rule Meter rule The meter rule will be most suitable as only a rough guide for the depth of the brook is to be obtained. The waster will leave a mark on the ruler from which the depth can be taken. The meter rule will give the depth of the brook to à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½1mm. This is of an acceptable accuracy as only a rough guide of the depth of the stream at the sampling site is requires. To collect sample kicked up. 0.50 meter net width. 0.25 meter net width. 0.5mm holes. 1mm holes. 0.50m wide net with 1mm holes in the netting material with 2m handle. As kick sampling is preferred, as net of the biggest width should be used to ensure that all organisms disturbed by the kick sampling is collected. As gammarus pulex are larger than 1mm, the pores in the net will allow substrate to filter through while retaining the gammarus to be sampled. The biggest possible net is used to ensure that most of the sample kicked up from the stream bed is collected. A net with 1mm pores is used to allow mud particles to pass through the net. Less mud will be transferred to the vessel in which the gammarus pulex are counted. This means the water in the vessel will be clearer which means any gammarus pulex present can be spotted more easily. To mark out site of sample taking. 0.50m by 0.50m quadrants 1.00m by 1.00m quadrants. 0.50 x 0.50m quadrant. A suitably large area of the stream will be marked out by this quadrant for sampling. At the same time the quadrant is not so big so that the speed of water flow does not vary within the area enclosed by the quadrant. A good sized quadrant will allow a site to be marked out for sampling. The quadrant chosen will increase the reliability of the test by allowing a large enough area with the same flow rate to be sampled. Apparatus required to classify and count the numbers of gammarus pulex in each sample. White enamel tray Pipette Plastic spoon. White enamel tray Pipette Plastic spoon. A white enamel tray will offer a light background to contrast the darker colours of the gammarus pulex so that they can be easily spotted. Pipette and plastic spoons will allow gammarus to be removed from enamel tray once they are counted. This avoids one gammarus being counted more than one time. Several major measures are to be take ensure the accuracy of the investigation. Water tamparature, oxygen concentrations, and water samples are collected before any sample is taken. This ensures that the abiotic variables of the water is not disturbed before they are measure. Whilst sampling, always work from down stream to up stream. This means that sites up stream from where the sample is taken is not disturbed. For each sample, the same number of kicks is done with the same hardness. From my preliminary work, kicking each spot ten times gives an adequate numbers of shrimps in each sample. It was seen that if the shrimp population density at a site is high, kicking 10 times brings up large number of gammarus pulex. At areas with low gammarus concentration however, only small numbers of gammarus are collected despite kicking ten times. Method 1. Select 10 sites in the river with 5 suitably ranged flow rates. This can be estimated by firstly measuring the depth of the brook at that point with a meter ruler. Make sure there are no drastic differences in percentage branch cover by using a section of hose pipe. 2. Once a site is chosen, the dissolved oxygen level and the water temperature must be measured first. This means that the water is no disturbed before the measuring which could lead to anomalous results. Water dissolved O2 levels Submerge probe in water. Do not sub merge the electrical wires. Move probe gently in water and wait for dissolve O2 level reading to equilibrate on digital display. Record the dissolve oxygen level in mg/l. Temperature Submerge metal part of thermometer into the water. Water for readings to equilibrate Record the water temperature. 3. Water sample is taken with a 150ml water sample bottle. The water sample should be taken from as close to the bottom of the stream as possible as this is the immediate surrounding of the freshwater shrimps. 3. The flow rate of the water is then tested with an impellor. The impellor device is placed in to the water. When in rotates freely, the digital counter is switched on. A flow rate speed is then given after 30 seconds of testing. Wait another 30 seconds to ensure that the reading displayed is correct since the first reading could be erroneous. 4. Before taking the sample, fill a white porcelain tray with water from the brook. This will allow any fauna collected to survive while the sample is being counted. 5. A 50cm x 50cm quadrat is then placed into the brook. Collect the sample by using the kick sampling technique on areas within the quadrat. The substrate is kicked ten times with the same hardness. The disturbed substrate and organisms is then collected by the net placed down stream. 6. The sample in the net is emptied in to a porcelain tray. It is rinsed with water in the porcelain tray to ensure no life forms are stuck on to the net. 7. Any gammarus pulex identified in the sample is counted. To avoid counting the same shrimp twice, the counted shrimps are removed by a plastic spoon or pipette in to a plastic palette. Once counting is completed the shrimps are returned back in to the brook. 8. All of the remaining substrate and fauna in the porcelain tray are returned in to the river also. 9. Within the vicinity of the quadrant, choose another undisturbed site around 15cm up stream and repeat the process above. A site upstream is used to ensure that the site used is not disturbed when the previous sample is taken. 10. Ten samples should be taken altogether from a site with a certain flow rate. 11. The above is to be repeated with the other nine sites. Testing of water samples The pH, nitrate, and phosphate levels are tested in the laboratory due to the nature of the equipment which has to be used. Nitrate 1. Set test 261 on reflectonmeter. 2. Dip NO3- indicator strip in water sample. 3. Start 60 second count down. 4. The indicator strip should change to a purple colour if nitrates are present. 5. Insert the strip in to the reflectonmeter after 55 seconds. 6. Record the nitrated concentration displayed (mg/l) Phosphate 1. Put 5ml of water sample in to a small bottle. 2. Add in with it 10 drops of H2SO4 (care corrosive). Shake to mix. 3. Select test 124 on reflectonmeter. 4. Start 90 sec countdown. 5. Dip indicator strip in sample. 6. There will not be any colour change if low amounts of phosphate are present. 7. If phosphate levels are below 3mg/l, the reflectonmeter will display LOW. If this happens, use the low phosphate test as below. Low Phosphate 1. Put 5ml of water sample in to a small bottle. 2. Add in with it 5 drops of H2SO4 (care corrosive). 3. Add 1 measure of Reagent 2 then shake for 2min to mix. 4. There should be a colour change of the solution. Compare the colour change with the chart provided to ascertain phosphate level. pH Insert digital pH meter into water sample. Swirl around and wait till reading equilibrates. Record the pH. Safety precautions Make sure that there is someone around at all times, and do not work alone. Do not sample areas in the brook which is too deep. Wear rubber gloves while sampling to avoid infections. Carry a mobile phone in case of an emergency. Give mobile contact numbers to staff. Sign in and out of the field centre so that the staffs know my whereabouts. Analysis of results I will calculate the standard deviation for the data collected from each site of the stream. This will tell me the diversity of the data collected at these sites. I will plot the graph of shrimp density against water current flow. This will inform me of any correlation that may be present between the two variables. I will carry out Spearmans correlation to establish the strength of the correlation between the variables above. I will plot the graph of rate of water flow against dissolve oxygen concentration. This will inform me of any correlation that may be present between the two variables. I will carry out Spearmans correlation to establish the strength of the correlation between the variables above. If there seem to be a linear proportionality between any of the two pairs of variables above, I will calculate the regression line which will enable me to plot a line of best fit onto my graph. This will allow me to carry out interpolations of the data which could give me a chance to carry out further studies in the future to see whether the interpolations are reliable, thus determining the accuracy of this study. By looking at the data for the dissolved oxygen concentration at the different sites and the rate of water flow at each site, it is obvious that there is no correlation between the two variables as I had expected. I will still plot a graph between the two variables and carry out spearmans rank correlation coefficient to support the null hypothesis. Below are examples of how I carried out the statistical analysis. Spearmans rank coefficient Flow rate of water /m/s Density of gammarus pulex R1 R2 d d2 7 8 13 22 14 16 12 7 19 13 ? Conclusion * There is a positive correlation between the current flow rate and the density of gammarus pulex found at the site. * The abiotic factors tested remains constant throughout the river, it is therefore assumed that the varying densities of gammarus pulex collected at different sites are not affected by these. The constant nature of abiotic factors is caused by the moving nature of the water. Any nitrate, phosphate, and oxygen will be well mixed to obtain equilibrium. The temperature of the water remained constant for the same reason. * Contrary to my prediction, the dissolved oxygen level in the stream was indeed higher than that in still water. * If varying oxygen levels are not the main cause for the diversity of shrimp density, the cause could be attributed to the different nature of substrates found at different sources. * Faster sections of the stream have more small stones under which the gammarus may cling for shelter to avoid the current. The stone acts as a barrier for the gammarus against the water. Thus the numbers of gammarus in these faster, rockier sections thrive. In slower sections of the stream, more sediment is deposited. This leads to muddy sections of the river bed. Here, gammarus will have less protection from the streams currents. They would have to burrow under the surface of the muddy substrate. This is far difficult than hiding behind a stone. Smaller numbers of gammarus will be able to remain there, thus its density is the lowest in slower sections of the river. * At faster sections of the stream, fewer other species of fresh water organisms will be able to survive due to them being unable to cling in to rocks and being washed away. This means there is less overlapping of the niches of organisms and thus less competition for the shrimps. This means the shrimp population is able to grow larger than areas with slower current speeds.9 To be sure of the assumption above, more tests need to be carried out in site with flow rates of between 0.05-0.15m/s and ;0.05m/s. Discussion Percentage branch cover. Substrate quality. I mentioned carrying out further tests to find out the accuracy of interpolations make from the available data, it is however more likely that as the flow rate of water is increased further, the increase in the number of gammarus found at these sites will not increase in the same proportions as before. A graph of this is shown below: This is due to other limiting factors such as intra species competition. Evaluation Assumptions made to limit In reality, a wide range of factors would act along with the speed of water flow to affect the gammarus population density. Assumptions were made that other factors will not vary greatly since the sampling was conducted in a single river. Although many important variables were tested to confirm that they are indeed fairly constant, there are fluctuations in the concentration of nitrate () at the different sites. This probably will have had an effect for the sample data. For example, the nitrate concentration at the site with the water flow rate of 0.18m/s is 53mg/l compared with the rest of the sites having a nitrate concentration of about 47mg/l. It is instances like this which may limit the reliabilities of the findings. There may be other abiotic factors which I did not have the means to measure affecting the gammarus pulex density. For example, the calcium carbonate concentration of the water is an important issue concerning the density of shrimps. Shrimps require calcium to form and repair their shells. The assumption was made that all of the shrimps which were collected in each sample were correctly classified and tallied. The fact is that it was far from certain that every single shrimp in sample is indeed counted. The classification of the gammarus made difficult by the amount of substrate brought up along with each sample. Large numbers of shrimps in a single sample made counting difficult since they are mostly fast moving. Difficulties caused by method The method caused unavoidable disturbances to both the water and the substrates of the river bed other than that of the sampled area. This is due to that many groups are conductiong investigations in the stream at once. The disturbed water meant that the various abiotic variables of the river is disturbed. It also affects the speed of water flow as people standing in the river unavoibly obstructs the flow of the river. Sources of error Limitations of method * Uneven kicking It is very hard to control the amount of stream bed disturbed by each kick. Although the number of kicks is kept constant, it is very hard to keep constant the area and amount of substrates and fauna sampled each time. * Not all disturbed substrate collected Due to the width of the net, it is impossible to collect every bit of potential sample that is kicked up. * Equipment cross contamination The reflectometers, pH meters which were shared between the groups could have been contaminated with the samples of other groups. Thus giving a higher NO3- level that the actual value etc. * Not all shrimps sampled It cannot be guaranteed that every gammarus collected in the sample will be counted. This could be caused by the size pf the gammarus, problems with identifying, and gammarus hiding below substrates brought up with the sample. The numbers of gammarus counted should be treated as a bare minimum. * Slightly different speeds at different sites Although several impellor readings are taken at different areas within the 0.25m2 area within the quadrat, it is more than likely that there will be areas in the site where the speed will vary. * The dissolved O2 level meter did not work at the site. Therefore the dissolved O2 levels of the water samples collected in bottles were tested back at the lab. To avoid oxygen to be mixed in to the water while inside the bottle, the bottle was filled completely full to the brim. Due to the concave shape of the lids, some air bubbles remained in the bottle. This could have had an effect on the dissolved oxygen levels recorded. * Other investigations taking place upstream * There were other people conducting investigations up stream. This means that the samples I collect could contain some shrimps that have been disturbed and the carried down the stream by the current. This will increased the number of shrimps I collect in some samples. * Errors in classifying species of shrimp * Precision errors of apparatus ; Meter Rule à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½0.5mm ; Flow meter à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½0.01m/s ; Oxygen meter à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 1.5% of total scale of 0.0 19.9mg/l ; Reflectometer à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½0.5mg/l ; Digital thermometer à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½0.3 ; Digital pH meter à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½0.2 These contribute to the percentage errors of the results. Anomalous results Anomalous results are highlighted in red in the result table. These are excluded when the average for each site is calculated. This is so that it will affect the reliability of the data. The anomalies would probably have arisen due to the limitations to the method listed above. Improvements * Sample a larger number of sites to further establish a trend. * Sample different rivers to see if the trend is replicated. * Find regions in the stream where the water current is faster to see if the trend continues linearly, or whether there is a cut off point to this positive correlation. * Retest sites which seem to give anomalous results. * Investigate the contribution of substrate quality to shrimp density * Reflectometers could have been contaminated with water samples of other groups. Since the equipment is shared, other groups using the reflectometer to test water samples would have their water left in the testing slot. This will results in the indictor strip changing its colour to another shade thus registering an anomalous NO3 reading. Further work Futher work should be conducted to investigate the relationship between the substrate quality of different sites of the stream and the number of gammarus pulex these sites contain. * Investigate whether the diversity of fresh water fauna is linked with the speed of the water flowing at the point. This will show whether interspecies competition has a major effect on the population density gammarus pulex.

APA citation styles Essay Essay Example

APA citation styles Essay Essay Example APA citation styles Essay Essay APA citation styles Essay Essay Instruction manuals If you are unfamiliar with APA commendation manners. you may happen it helpful to reexamine the stuff inside the Citing beginnings utilizing APA commendation manner booklet before get downing this appraisal. Question 1 Choose the commendation that is in proper APA commendation format for a book. Jenkins. Henry. Fans. bloggers. and gamers researching participatory civilizations. New York New York University Press. 2006. Jenkins. H. Fans. bloggers. and gamers researching participatory civilizations. New York University Press. New York. 2006. Jenkins. H. ( 2006 ) . Fans. bloggers. and gamers researching participatory civilization. New York New York University Press. Jenkins. Henry. ( 2006 ) . Fans. Bloggers. and Gamers Exploring Participatory Culture. New York UP New York. Question 2 Choose the commendation that is in proper APA commendation for a chapter from a book ( no named writer of chapter ) . Cook. V. J. ( 2004 ) . FlavaN Gorillaz Pop Group Names. In Accomodating Brocolli in the Cemetary. ( pp. 21-22 ) . Simon and Schuster New York. Flava n Gorillaz Pop group names. ( 2004 ) . In V. J. Cook. Accomodating Brocolli in the Cemetary ( pp. 21-22 ) . New York Simon and Schuster. Flava n Gorillaz Pop group names. In Cook. V. J. Accomodating Brocolli in the Cemetary ( pp. 21-22 ) . New York Simon and Schuster. 2004. V. J. Cook. 2004. Flavan Gorillaz Pop group names. In Accomodating Brocolli in the Cemetary. pp. 21-22. Simon and Schuster New York. Question 3 Choose the correct APA commendation for a newspaper article. Yonke. D. ( 2008. September 13 ) . Monks on the route for peace Tibetan Buddhists bring message that felicity is an internal event. The Blade ( Toledo. OH ) . p. B7. Yonke. David. ( 2008 ) . Monks on the route for peace Tibetan Buddhists bring message that felicity is an internal event. The Blade ( Toledo. OH ) . pp. B7. Yonke. David. Monks on the route for peace Tibetan Buddhists bring message that felicity is an internal event.

Bruce Springsteen Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Bruce Springsteen - Research Paper Example Nicknamed, â€Å"The Boss,† Bruce Frederick Joseph Springsteen was born on September 23 in the year 1949 in New Jersey. With Elvis Presley as his inspiration to pick up a guitar and start playing, at the age of seven, the future of Rock and Roll has just begun. Because his only interest was to play his guitar and surround himself with music, he was a loner in high school and a drop out in college. In the middle of 1960, he, with the help of sponsors supporting young bands in town, became lead guitarist and then, lead singer of The Castiles. Afterward, by the late 1960s to 1972, he gained local fame, playing with different bands at local clubs in several states, such as Massachusetts, California, and his hometown, New Jersey. His creative songwriting skill and talent captured the attention of Mike Appel, Jim Cretecos and John Hammond, a talent scout of the renowned Columbia Records. Bruce Springsteen put his signature on a record deal with Columbia Records, which was about to c hange his life completely. He also brought his colleagues in New Jersey to record songs with him, forming the E Street Band. When Springsteen released his first album, a number of critics liked a couple of his songs, and was even compared to Bob Dylan . Jon Landau, the ex-Rolling Stone critic wrote, â€Å"I saw Rock and Roll future, and its name is Bruce Springsteen.† After his momentous success, releasing more albums, by 1975, he started to finally gain great success. With the release of Born to Run, the title song has gone up in the charts, and his album reached the Top Ten. Selling out concerts and selling over six million copies, Springsteen’s music achieved mainstream success. He was also able to grace the covers of Time and Newsweek at the same time. However, the forward motion of his success was broken when internal problems started to occur between him and Appel. Springsteen filed a lawsuit against his manager and it was settled after two long years, in 1977. D uring those years of entanglement, Springsteen was not allowed to be in the studio to record, so he channeled his songs to other artists and musicians, composing for Southside Johnny, Patti Smith and Asbury Jukes. He also kept the E Street Band intact by touring at length across the United States. After the settlement of the case, Springsteen was able to record again. In 1978, he released Darkness on the Edge of Town under Landau as the new manager, which marked a change in his musical style. From  the raw and natural, lively lyrics, lengthy compound musical compositions to themes of darkness, night, love and blood. Although most of the songs barely reached chart-topping success, the album indicated a turning point in his life and did attain the number one slot as NME album of the year. Despite the tribulations that occurred, Springsteen was able to gain back and strengthen his success with the help and support of his new manager, Jon Landau. His next album was solemn and serious. Entitled The River, it became the doorway of his future songwriting. It was the first album that confronted and dealt with men, women, marriage, love and family. This album hit number one in the charts and sold over five million copies. A couple of the songs such as â€Å"Hungry Heart† and â€Å"Fade Away† reached the charts as well. Although his later compositions and recordings for his following album

Homeless vietnam veterans and what is being done to help them Essay

Homeless vietnam veterans and what is being done to help them - Essay Example According to the Department of Veteran Affairs, the number of homeless Vietnam era veterans exceeds the number of fatalities that occurred during the war. Statistics show that forty seven percent of the homeless veterans served during the Vietnam Era. At present there are more than 200 community-based veteran organizations, besides the federal and state agencies in the United States, that are working toward providing the best possible care to these unfortunate war veterans. Besides these there are also some organizations in Australia, Canada, and South Korea that are helping the homeless veterans in their nation. Many of them have quite an impressive achievement record. There has been a lot of support and a vast number of people have benefited from the various programs. But statistics still show that more than 600,000 veterans are homeless at some point during the year. U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) The VA was one of the first organizations that extended its wholehearted a nd sincere support to the homeless Vietnam War Veterans. ... Over the years, the VA has launched many new programs, which dealt with specific problems faced by the war veterans (NCHV Releases FY 2010 Annual Report, 2011). Project CHALLENG In 1994, the VA launched the project CHALENG, which assessed the needs of the homeless veterans living in a particular area and then focused on their health care, education, job assessment, training, placement, and counseling. It also prepared a list of all the homeless services in the local area and encouraged coordinated services, which proved to be much more beneficial than individual efforts (HUD, VA Release Supplemental Report on Veteran Homelessness, 2011). Healthcare for Homeless Veterans (HCHV) Program This program reaches out to the thousands of homeless people who are currently not receiving any kind of benefits and so are most vulnerable. Prompt assistance is offered and the fundamentals problems that led to homelessness are addressed. They are then provided with individual care that includes getti ng physical and mental health care, substance abuse treatment, and help finding food, shelter, clothing and transportation (Homeless Veterans, n.d.). HCHV/Grant Per Diem Program The purpose of this program is to fund community agencies that provide services to the homeless veterans. It promotes the development of supportive housing for the homeless veterans to achieve residential stability. This program provides grants through a competitive process for up to 65% of the costs of construction, renovation, or acquisition of a building for use as service centers or transitional housing for the homeless Veterans. The VA has recently founded a National Call Center. This Homeless Veterans hotline ensures that the homeless Veterans or

Electrochemical Cell Essay Example for Free

Electrochemical Cell Essay Introduction To investigate the effect of change in temperature of the solutions on the voltage of an electrochemical cell. How does increase in temperature of the electrolytes in en electrochemical cell affect the voltage? An electrochemical cell produces electrical energy from chemical energy, where the chemical energy comes from the reactions in the cell. An electrochemical cell consists of two half-cells. Each half-cell consists of an electrode, and an electrolyte (salt solution). A salt bridge is used that connects the two solutions in the containers to allow flow of ions so there is no charge build up in either solution. Charge build-up would shift the equilibrium and the reaction would cease. When the two half cells, consisting of a metal electrode and a conducting solution are connected with an external wire, the strongest oxidizing agent will undergo a reduction in one half cell and the strongest reducing agent will undergo an oxidation in the other half cell. An electrochemical cell makes use of a redox reaction and uses the chemical reaction to produce an electric current. The two metals that will be used in this experiment are Copper and Zinc, and their salts are used in an aqueous form in the container, being CuSO4 and ZnSO4. A salt bridge that is dipped in KNO3 will be used. The following reaction takes place in each half cell: Cu (s) Cu2+ (aq) + 2e- Zn (s) Zn2- (aq) + 2e- Independent Variable: Temperature of the electrolytes (à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C) Dependant Variable: Voltage (V) Controlled Variables: Nature of electrodes: The electrodes will be of the same elements i.e. Copper and Zinc. Changing the nature of the electrodes will change the voltage since different elements produce different forms of ions which then affects the voltage of the cell. Size of electrodes: The size of electrodes will be kept constant to 6cm x 1cm. Increasing the size of electrodes means that the electrodes will react produce more ions hence increasing the voltage of the cell. Nature of ion transfer: A salt bridge (dipped in KNO3) will be used as a pathway for the ion transfer between the two half cells. Changing the nature of ion transfer will change the amount of ions are transferred between the half cells hence affecting the voltage. The concentration of the electrolytes: is kept constant. A constant amount of metal salt will be added to make each electrolyte. Having a varying concentration will affect the amount of ions produced hence varying the voltage accordingly. Voltmeter: The voltmeter is kept constant since changing the voltmeter can affect the voltage since different voltmeters may have different resistance which may affect the readings. Materials required * Copper strip, 6cm x 1cm * Zinc strip, 6cm x 1cm * CuSO4 solution, 0.99M à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 0.01M * ZnSO4 solution, 0.99M à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 0.01M * KNO3 solution, 1.99M à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 0.01M * Distilled water, 300mL à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 1mL * Beakers (3), 250mL à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 50mL * Graduated cylinder (100mL à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 1mL) * Digital Voltmeter with crocodile wires * Hot plate * Thermometers (2), à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 1à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C * Paper strips, 10cm x 1cm * Magnetic stirrer * Rubber gloves * Apron * Safety Goggles Method Method to prepare solutions 1. Concentration required (CuSO4): 0.99M AMU of CuSO4: 159.61 So, 1.00M of CuSO4 has 159.61g of CuSO4 Hence 0.99M has: 159.61 x 0.99 = 158.01g à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 0.01g Mix 158.01g à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 0.01g of CuSO4 in 100mL of distilled water. Use a magnetic stirrer if necessary == Use 100mL à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 1mL of 0.99M à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 0.01M of CuSO4 solution. 2. Concentration required (ZnSO4): 0.99M AMU of ZnSO4: 161.44 So, 1.00M of CuSO4 has 161.44g of ZnSO4 Hence 0.99M has: 161.44 x 0.99 = 159.83g à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 0.01g Mix 159.83g à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 0.01g of ZnSO4 in 100mL of distilled water. Use a magnetic stirrer if necessary == Use 100mL à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 1mL of 0.99M à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 0.01M of ZnSO4 solution. 3. Concentration required (KNO3): 1.99M AMU of CuSO4: 101.11 So, 1.0M of CuSO4 has 101.11g of KNO3 Hence 1.99M has: 101.11 x 1.99 = 201.21g à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 0.01g Mix 201.21g à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 0.01g of KNO3 in 100mL of distilled water. Use a magnetic stirrer if necessary == Use 30mL à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 1mL of 1.99M à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 0.01M of KNO3 solution. 4. Now put the paper strip (salt bridge) in the KNO3 solution and leave it for 30 seconds. Method for investigation 1. Before starting the experiments, all the materials should be acquired with all safety precautions 2. Put the two beakers that have electrolytes on the hot plate. 3. Now put the salt bridge between the beakers. Also, put the two thermometers in each container 4. Connect the crocodile wires from the voltmeter to each electrode, but dont put it in the half cells yet. 5. Now turn on the hot plate and let the temperature increase from room temperature to 30à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C 6. As soon as the temperature increases to 30à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C, quickly insert the electrodes in the respective solutions (Cu in CuSO4 and Zn in ZnSO4) and record the voltage 7. Remove the electrodes and clean and dry them. 8. Now increase the temperature by a difference of 10à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C i.e. 40à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C, 50à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C, 60à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C, 70à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C, 80à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C and 90à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C and repeat steps 5-7. 9. After the experiment has been completed, put the cleaned materials back to their original place. Raw Data Table Volume of each electrolyte (mL à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 1mL) Length of salt bridge (cm à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 0.01 cm) Length of each electrode (cm à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 0.01 cm)

Rights Of Egyptian Women Essay -- essays research papers fc

Rights of Egyptian Women Throughout written history, women have experienced status subservient to the men they lived with. Generally, most cultures known to modern historians followed a standard pattern of males assigned the role of protector and provider while women were assigned roles of domestic servitude. Scholars speculate endlessly at the cause: biology, religion, social custom. Nevertheless, the women were always subordinated to the men in their culture. Through their artwork, tomb inscriptions, and papyrus and leather scrolls, preserved in the dry, desert air, Ancient Egyptians left evidence for scholars suggesting that Egypt was once a peculiar exception to this pattern. Anthropological evidence suggests that unusual circumstances in Ancient Egyptian culture provided for women to be given equal status to their male counterparts: notably, matrilineal inheritance and emphasis on the joy of family life over maintaining ethnic purity. Legally, women in Ancient Egypt held the same legal rights as men. A woman could own property and manage it as she saw fit. One example of this, the Inscription of Mes, provided scholars with proof that women could manage property, institute litigation, and could act as a witness before a court of law. Surviving court documents not only showed that women were free to take action with the court, but the documents also show that they frequently won their cases. They could also enter contracts and travel freely, unescorted, throughout the state. This is a great contrast to women in Greece, who were required to act through a male representative. Interestingly, property and its administration was passed from mother to daughter, matrilineally. The Egyptians relied on matrilineal heritage, based on the assumption that maternal ancestors are less disputable than paternal ones. The effect of legal equality in writing and practice coupled with the ownership and administration of property led to an ensured equality. The rights and egalitarian conditions enjoyed by Egyptian women shocked the conquering Greeks. In 450 BC, Greek historian Herodotus noted: They Egyptians, in their manners and customs, seem to have reversed the ordinary practices of mankind. For instance, women attend market and are employed in trade,... ...providing scholars with an examples of conditions that brought about a particularly benign development of male-dominance in Ancient Egypt. Sources Cited: Tansey, Richard. Gardner's Art Through the Ages. Fort Worth: Harcourt Brace Publishers, 1996 91-93. Tyldesley, Joyce. Daughters of Isis. New York: Penguin Books Ltd, 1994. Bibliography Ahmed, Leila. Women and gender in Islam: historical roots of a modern debate. London: Yale University Press, 1992. Lesko, Barbara S. Women's Earliest Records. Atlanta, GA: Scholar's Press, 1989. Piccione, Peter A. "The Status of Women in Ancient Egyptian Society" History of Ancient Egypt Page. http://www.library.nwu.edu/class/history/B94/B94women.html 16 Oct, 1996 Robins, Gay. Women in Ancient Egypt. London: British Museum Publications, 1993. Tucker, Judith E. Arab Women: Old Boundaries, New Frontiers. Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 1993. Tyldesley, Joyce. Daughters of Isis. New York: Penguin Books Ltd, 1994. Unesco. Social Science Research and Women in the Arab World. London: Frances Pinter, 1984. Watterson, Barbara. Women in Ancient Egypt. Great Britain: Alan Sutton Publishing, 1991.

History Comparison Betwen Mexican and African Americans Essay

The history of Mexican Americans is comparable to that of African Americans: filled with stories of conquest, racism, and discriminatory acts posed by society. The past has triggered Chicanos to fight back against injustices, in hopes of reforming immoral treatment, and emerging as an equal part of America’s society. The Chicano movement yielded some successes in this aspect. However, mass media and stereotypes confirm the notion that Mexican Americans are still viewed as a â€Å"lesser† people. This stems from the long-established concept of racial stratification. In this case, it indicates that Anglo-Americans have hierarchy over Mexican Americans. Consequently, discrimination towards Chicanos is still prevalent, despite ongoing efforts by activists for change. This nation was socially molded based on the idea that there is a hierarchy of races, and as long as that idea exists, Mexican Americans will continue to suffer inequality. In â€Å"Sexual Violence in the Politics of Conquest’, Castaneda explores the sexual crimes against Amerindian women during the Spanish conquest of Alta California. The soldiers accompanying the missionaries on the settlement raped and violated the native women openly. There were many incidents before rules were set to govern the matter, but even after the rapes continued to occur. One court case recorded in 1773 indicates that there was no intention to grant justice to the victims. The natives took matters into their own hands and formed forces to seek their own justice (similar to Chicano activist groups that seek reform for discrimination), but to no avail. Castaneda goes on to explain that the actions of the soldiers were not farfetched from practices of Western civilization (27-28). Because these dark crimes were normal for the dominant culture, they were automatically imposed on the natives, who were supposed to accept this without resistance. This is similar to Mexican Americans during the Chicano movement, who were not given equal opportunities for education and employment because they were not in the central group. In both situations, the majority emasculates the men and oppresses the women of the minority. The idea of hierarchy is apparent in this passage; Catholic missionaries try to strip the natives of their culture and convert them to value Western practices because they consider themselves the ‘prominent’ people. The history of the Chicano Movement can date back to the Manifest Destiny. In the 1840s, the United States planned to expand its territory and take Mexico, which had become independent from Spain. In reporting these events, Leo Cervantes notes the attitude of superiority that the Americans displayed in their imperialist plan. He notes one adherent’s thoughts, who asked â€Å"why resign this beautiful country to the custody of the ignorant cowards who have ruled for the last 25 years? † (13). Cervantes also quotes Thomas Jefferson, who has similar views of the matter, and promoted â€Å"policies of non-miscegenation† during the expansion (14). Even before Anglo-Americans were acquainted with Mexicans, they held predisposed opinions of contempt for them. As I suggested, Arturo Rosales agrees, â€Å"An underlying cause for the hostility Anglo-Americans felt for Mexicans was a preexisting ideology of racism† (5). These preconceived notions of Mexican Americans were the beginning of negative stereotypes attached to them. Today Chicanos are often represented in the media as uneducated thugs, loose women, or undocumented workers. Even whites who claim they are not racist may practice aversive racism by absorbing the images portrayed in media. It is this ideology of racism has contributed to discrimination over the years and inversely, the building of the Chicano Movement. The movement flourished in the 1950s and 1960s, feeding off other civil rights movements, particularly the African American movement. Both African American civil rights activists and Chicano activist protested the unlawful repression of minorities in America. They protested the terrible education system, police brutality, and denial of economic opportunities. Arturo Rosales compares Chicano activist, Cesar Chavez to Martin Luther King. It is expected that on this path to address the plight and repression of their people, Chicanos were met with resistance from White Americans. Rosales notes that police officers and other uniformed officials â€Å"were employed to suppress manifestations of discontent and did so using violence† (xv). It can be suggested that Anglo-Americans considered Chicanos a threat to the racial hierarchy, so they took action. Cervantes supports this theory, quoting Brooks Adams who said, â€Å"When a highly centralized society disintegrates, under the pressure of economics condition, it is because the energy of the race has been exhausted (18). This point illustrates the pressure Anglo-Americans felt to keep superiority over Mexicans. The American achievement ideology suggests four points: Anyone can make it. American society is fair and open. Success is based on merit. Moreover, inequality is the result of differences in ability and ambition. This ideology contradicts the apparent effects of a racial hierarchy. Stratification of races has formed structural discrimination among minorities, specifically, Mexican and African Americans. The poor education, poor neighborhoods, and badly equipped jobs that these minorities are subjected to prevent them from achieving upward mobility. However, white America still neglects to acknowledge these factors. Historian, Oscar Lewis, believed that people living in poverty are to blame for their own situation, yet minorities’ history in America consists of repression and treatment as inferior beings. There is no questioning it; racial classes have been socially constructed and this has directly affected minorities. The Chicano Movement has led to some advances for Mexican American such as the growing numbers of Latinos attending school, and raise concerns about unequal treatment to Chicanos. However, because underlying values of America are products of a deep-rooted, corrupt social structure, issue of prejudice will continue to exist.